Unit 10.1 to 10.3
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Questions and Answers

Which psychologist conducted research on the stages of development of infants and children?

  • Erik Erikson
  • Jean Piaget (correct)
  • Sigmund Freud
  • Carl Jung

    • What did Jean Piaget label as the inability of preschool children to take the perspective of others?

  • Egocentric phase (correct)
  • Perspective shift
  • Altruistic behavior
  • Social awareness

    • Which aspect of cognitive development involves processing information, memory, perception, and learning language?

  • Emotional development
  • Physical development
  • Social development
  • Cognitive development (correct)

    • Who stressed the importance of self-identity in everything we do and the people we meet each day?

    <p>Antony Giddens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is self-identity described in the text?

    <p>Influenced by experiences and interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of development does Anthony Giddens emphasize in late modernity?

    <p>The development of self-identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does a baby typically start to become responsive to others?

    <p>2 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the ways in which a baby shows the realization that there is an 'out there' distinct from themselves?

    <p>Reaching out to grasp an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the change in behavior from passive to active for infants?

    <p>Imitating behaviors observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does language development help children distinguish themselves?

    <p>By recognizing their gender, age, and name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is mentioned as helping infants realize they have distinct properties?

    <p>Watching a person, pet, or object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do children typically learn that other objects, including people, have specific characteristics?

    <p>During early childhood development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to refer to an individual's unique speech pattern?

    <p>Idiolect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a sociolect?

    <p>Jargon used at work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are gender, age, ethnicity, and religion related to language according to the text?

    <p>They play a role in the language people use to maintain self-identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can language be crucial for group identity maintenance?

    <p>By reinforcing solidarity through common speech patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might language be particularly significant during adolescence according to the text?

    <p>To create new identities and relationships with common speech patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of your life influences your sense of self-identity, according to the text?

    <p>Gender, age, beliefs, education, work, and social patterns combined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important language features play a significant role in managing conversations harmoniously?

    <p>Conversational maxims and the conversational face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In John Donne's 'Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions,' what imagery does the poet use to emphasize the interconnectedness between individuals in society?

    <p>Island and continent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Donne emphasize with his line 'No man is an island' from 'Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions'?

    <p>The interconnectedness between individuals in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which poet is mentioned in the text for highlighting the relationships between individuals in society?

    <p>John Donne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concept is discussed as having a considerable influence on our sense of self in conversations?

    <p>Conversational maxims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of 'face' in conversational cooperation?

    <p>Each speaker's sense of their own linguistic image and worth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do speakers typically use positive politeness in conversations?

    <p>By being complimentary to the person they are speaking to before a potentially face-threatening act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conjunction is commonly used in disagreements instead of 'no' according to the text?

    <p>'But'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does negative politeness differ from positive politeness in conversations?

    <p>Negative politeness avoids imposing requests, while positive politeness compliments the listener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do strategies that consider the relative status of participants contribute to conversational success?

    <p>They increase the likelihood of conversational success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common strategy used in managing face-threatening acts in conversations?

    <p>'Yes but' to soften disagreements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maxim advises speakers to express relevant information in a clear manner?

    <p>Maxim of Relation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maxim requires speakers to avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity?

    <p>Maxim of Manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle did Paul Grice establish in 1975 to guide conversations?

    <p>Conversation Maxims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which purpose for speaking is NOT mentioned in the text?

    <p>Analyzing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept underlies all the purposes for speaking according to the text?

    <p>Cooperative Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Due to social media, what impact has been observed in relation to the conversational maxims mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased divergence from the maxims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive skill is responsible for the ability to actively retain a small amount of information in the brain?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability is related to understanding relationships between objects and visualizing images and ideas?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If someone is skilled at changing sounds into words to be spoken, which cognitive skill are they primarily using?

    <p>Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive skill is responsible for the ability to move the body and manipulate objects?

    <p>Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an individual is recognizing and interpreting information through their senses, which cognitive skill are they utilizing?

    <p>Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive ability involves the storage and retrieval of information in the brain for an indefinite period of time?

    <p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher believed that it requires very little reason to be able to speak?

    <p>Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory asserts that our sense of self-identity and knowledge of language come through sensory experiences?

    <p>Empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that the mind is born with ideas, contradicting the 'blank slate' theory?

    <p>Innatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who believed that ideas were in the mind at birth and given by a supreme being?

    <p>Plato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes that individuals are born with genetic abilities for language development?

    <p>Nativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the theory that ideas come through sensory experiences and not reasoning?

    <p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that language acquisition occurs directly from observing and imitating others?

    <p>Behaviourism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to linguists in the early 20th century, learning a language involves more than just naming objects; it also requires:

    <p>Knowledge of how to put meaning on words and phrases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Historically, philosophers believed that language acquisition was related to a person's general ability to:

    <p>Carry out logical reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who further developed John Watson's research into behaviourism by exploring the relationship between mind development and language?

    <p>B.F. Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some linguists view the relationship between language and thought?

    <p>As two separate entities with thought coming before language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of language in building relationships, according to the text?

    <p>It is essential for building relationships on various levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cognitive skills interact with language according to the text?

    <p>Cognitive skills influence the development of language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the relationship between language and thought considered important for individuals?

    <p>For interacting effectively within society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group benefits from the relationship between language and thought, according to the text?

    <p>Individuals and groups in various social contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the understanding of language and thought contribute to an individual's sense of self?

    <p>It solidifies self-identity through clear communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, how does language influence the way people think?

    <p>Language shapes the thoughts of its speakers directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of linguistic reflection?

    <p>The idea that language does not determine thoughts but reflects them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does linguistic relativity differ from linguistic determinism?

    <p>Linguistic determinism implies that language determines thought, while linguistic relativity indicates that language impacts views but doesn't confine them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of time perception, what criticism arose concerning Whorf's comparison between English and Hopi Indians' languages?

    <p>The Hopi Indians had a concept of time based on past, present, and future events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Boas-Jakobson principle suggest regarding language and thought?

    <p>Every thought can be expressed in every language, but they differ in the information required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Guy Deutcher explain in his book 'Through the Looking Glass' regarding languages?

    <p>'Through the Looking Glass' explains various language concepts such as different requirements in expressing thoughts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did George Orwell demonstrate the use of language in controlling thought in his novel '1984'?

    <p>'1984' portrays a tightly controlled society reinforced by an official language called 'Newspeak'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Sapir-Whorf's view and Boas-Jakobson's principle on language development?

    <p>'Sapir-Whorf focuses on how languages directly shape thoughts, while Boas-Jakobson emphasizes that all thoughts can be expressed in any language.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Hungarian, Finnish, and Vietnamese languages differ from English and French in terms of gender marking?

    <p>'Hungarian, Finnish, and Vietnamese do not have gender markers like 'he' or 'she', unlike English and French.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Through the Looking Glass: Why the world looks different in other languages' explores which aspect of language development?

    <p>'How different languages impact individuals' perceptions and understanding.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term has largely replaced 'handicapped' when referring to people with disabilities?

    <p>Disabled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a workplace context, the increasing number of women in senior roles challenges the traditional assumption that:

    <p>The boss is always female</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is considered more respectful than 'decrepit' or 'senile' when referring to older individuals?

    <p>'Senior citizens'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country's government-led National Disability Strategy emphasizes the inclusion and participation of people living with a disability in everyday life?

    <p>Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do laws against disability discrimination seek to achieve regarding how people view individuals with disabilities?

    <p>To remove the belief that people are defined by their disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Politically correct' language aims to treat all individuals equally, but what criticism has it faced?

    <p>Denying freedom of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the theory of universalism as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Language reflects human thoughts and all languages share common patterns and concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does language influence ideas about social equality according to the text?

    <p>By changing traditional job titles to be more inclusive and neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of cognitive processes do all humans share, according to universalism?

    <p>Memory and perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the theory of universalism support the claim that all languages are similar?

    <p>By highlighting the presence of nouns and verbs in all languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do beliefs about language influence behavior towards social groups according to the text?

    <p>By reflecting biases or prejudices through language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key evidence mentioned in the text to support the theory of universalism?

    <p>The presence of vowels and consonants in spoken languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

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