Podcast
Questions and Answers
During which period does the development of the heart from the embryonic period to the fetal period occur?
During which period does the development of the heart from the embryonic period to the fetal period occur?
Where do cardiac progenitor cells form in the embryonic period?
Where do cardiac progenitor cells form in the embryonic period?
What structure is formed by the fusion of endocardial tubes in the embryonic period?
What structure is formed by the fusion of endocardial tubes in the embryonic period?
When does the first heartbeat occur during the development of the heart?
When does the first heartbeat occur during the development of the heart?
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What are the three layers of the heart during the fetal period?
What are the three layers of the heart during the fetal period?
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What does the basal part of the bulbus cordis become during development?
What does the basal part of the bulbus cordis become during development?
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Which vein develops into the inferior vena cava?
Which vein develops into the inferior vena cava?
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What is the most common type of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
What is the most common type of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
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What causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
What causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
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Which congenital malformation results from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum?
Which congenital malformation results from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum?
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What is characteristic of Tetralogy of Fallot?
What is characteristic of Tetralogy of Fallot?
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What do fetal circulation changes at birth include?
What do fetal circulation changes at birth include?
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During the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations, what communication is maintained to permit blood flow and bypass non-functioning lungs?
During the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations, what communication is maintained to permit blood flow and bypass non-functioning lungs?
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Which structure forms the smooth wall of the left atrium while retaining a trabeculated appearance as the left auricle?
Which structure forms the smooth wall of the left atrium while retaining a trabeculated appearance as the left auricle?
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What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
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Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
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What do vitelline arteries form during development?
What do vitelline arteries form during development?
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Which veins drain the head, neck, and body wall of the embryo into the heart at 4 weeks?
Which veins drain the head, neck, and body wall of the embryo into the heart at 4 weeks?
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Which structure develops from a single to a double tube during heart development?
Which structure develops from a single to a double tube during heart development?
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What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
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During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
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What tissue do the vitelline arteries supply?
What tissue do the vitelline arteries supply?
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Which nerve is associated with the aortic arches IV and VI?
Which nerve is associated with the aortic arches IV and VI?
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What defect is necessary to survive with pulmonary atresia?
What defect is necessary to survive with pulmonary atresia?
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Which of the following structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
Which of the following structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
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During what weeks of development do the pharyngeal/branchial arches form?
During what weeks of development do the pharyngeal/branchial arches form?
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What is the primary cause of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
What is the primary cause of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
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Which congenital malformation can result in cyanosis?
Which congenital malformation can result in cyanosis?
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What is the most common type of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
What is the most common type of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
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What characterizes Tetralogy of Fallot?
What characterizes Tetralogy of Fallot?
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What does the inferior vena cava develop from?
What does the inferior vena cava develop from?
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What is the postnatal circulation change at birth related to the ductus arteriosus?
What is the postnatal circulation change at birth related to the ductus arteriosus?
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During which period does the heart shift position and the endocardial tubes fuse to form the primitive heart tube?
During which period does the heart shift position and the endocardial tubes fuse to form the primitive heart tube?
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What structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
What structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
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At what stage does the heart form four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
At what stage does the heart form four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
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What do angiogenic cells develop into during the embryonic period of heart development?
What do angiogenic cells develop into during the embryonic period of heart development?
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Which part of the bulbus cordis becomes the conus cordis during heart development?
Which part of the bulbus cordis becomes the conus cordis during heart development?
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In which layer of the heart do cardiac progenitor cells begin to form during the embryonic period?
In which layer of the heart do cardiac progenitor cells begin to form during the embryonic period?
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During heart development, what structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
During heart development, what structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
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What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
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During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
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What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
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Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
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Where do cardiac progenitor cells form in the embryonic period?
Where do cardiac progenitor cells form in the embryonic period?
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During the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations, what communication between the left and right sides is maintained to permit blood flow and bypass non-functioning lungs?
During the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations, what communication between the left and right sides is maintained to permit blood flow and bypass non-functioning lungs?
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Which structure forms the smooth wall of the left atrium while retaining a trabeculated appearance as the left auricle?
Which structure forms the smooth wall of the left atrium while retaining a trabeculated appearance as the left auricle?
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What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
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Which structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
Which structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
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What causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
What causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
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What structure is formed by the fusion of endocardial cushions in fetal heart development?
What structure is formed by the fusion of endocardial cushions in fetal heart development?
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During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percentage hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percentage hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
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Which nerve is associated with the aortic arches IV and VI?
Which nerve is associated with the aortic arches IV and VI?
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What cardinal vein is responsible for draining the body wall?
What cardinal vein is responsible for draining the body wall?
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What defect is necessary to survive with pulmonary atresia?
What defect is necessary to survive with pulmonary atresia?
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At birth, a child’s skin appears much less pink than would be expected. The physician determines that the child’s ductus arteriosus did not close. The child has a blue tint because the ductus arteriosus is shunting blood from the ____.
At birth, a child’s skin appears much less pink than would be expected. The physician determines that the child’s ductus arteriosus did not close. The child has a blue tint because the ductus arteriosus is shunting blood from the ____.
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During what weeks of development do the pharyngeal/branchial arches form?
During what weeks of development do the pharyngeal/branchial arches form?
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What structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
What structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
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During which period does the heart shift position and the endocardial tubes fuse to form the primitive heart tube?
During which period does the heart shift position and the endocardial tubes fuse to form the primitive heart tube?
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What does the basal part of the bulbus cordis become during development?
What does the basal part of the bulbus cordis become during development?
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What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
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At what stage does the heart form four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
At what stage does the heart form four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
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What nerve is associated with the aortic arches IV and VI?
What nerve is associated with the aortic arches IV and VI?
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During heart development, which structure gives rise to the conus cordis?
During heart development, which structure gives rise to the conus cordis?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with an Atrial Septal Defect?
Which of the following is NOT associated with an Atrial Septal Defect?
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What defect is necessary to survive with pulmonary atresia?
What defect is necessary to survive with pulmonary atresia?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
Which of the following is NOT associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
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All arteries, veins, and lymphatic channels form from ____.
All arteries, veins, and lymphatic channels form from ____.
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During what weeks of development do the pharyngeal/branchial arches form?
During what weeks of development do the pharyngeal/branchial arches form?
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What is the primary focus of the lecture objectives related to the development of the heart and cardiovascular system?
What is the primary focus of the lecture objectives related to the development of the heart and cardiovascular system?
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During heart development, which structure gives rise to the primary and secondary atrial septa and the ventricular septum?
During heart development, which structure gives rise to the primary and secondary atrial septa and the ventricular septum?
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What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
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Which book provides information on cardiovascular system development from the fetus to the adult?
Which book provides information on cardiovascular system development from the fetus to the adult?
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What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
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During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
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During heart development, what structure separates the smooth part and the muscular part of the right atrium?
During heart development, what structure separates the smooth part and the muscular part of the right atrium?
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What contributes to the initial communication between the left and right sides of the heart during the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations?
What contributes to the initial communication between the left and right sides of the heart during the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations?
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Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
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What do the vitelline arteries form during development?
What do the vitelline arteries form during development?
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What forms major arteries among the six pairs of aortic arch arteries?
What forms major arteries among the six pairs of aortic arch arteries?
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Which vein brings oxygenated blood from the placenta and connects to the inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus?
Which vein brings oxygenated blood from the placenta and connects to the inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus?
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Which condition is characterized by pulmonary stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy?
Which condition is characterized by pulmonary stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy?
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What is the most common congenital heart defect, affecting 25% of people?
What is the most common congenital heart defect, affecting 25% of people?
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What is the condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close, causing a shunt of aortic blood into the pulmonary circulation?
What is the condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close, causing a shunt of aortic blood into the pulmonary circulation?
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Which congenital malformation results from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary?
Which congenital malformation results from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary?
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What is the condition where the endocardial cushions fail to develop properly, leading to a hole in the interatrial septum?
What is the condition where the endocardial cushions fail to develop properly, leading to a hole in the interatrial septum?
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Which condition results from a failure of the membranous septum to develop, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary hypertension, dyspnea, and heart failure?
Which condition results from a failure of the membranous septum to develop, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary hypertension, dyspnea, and heart failure?
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During heart development, what structure gives rise to the smooth wall of the left atrium while retaining a trabeculated appearance as the left auricle?
During heart development, what structure gives rise to the smooth wall of the left atrium while retaining a trabeculated appearance as the left auricle?
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What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
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What structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
What structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
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Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
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During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
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What nerve is associated with the aortic arches IV and VI?
What nerve is associated with the aortic arches IV and VI?
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During heart development, which structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
During heart development, which structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
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What structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
What structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
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At what stage does the heart form four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
At what stage does the heart form four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
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Which vein develops into the inferior vena cava?
Which vein develops into the inferior vena cava?
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During heart development, what structure gives rise to the primary and secondary atrial septa and the ventricular septum?
During heart development, what structure gives rise to the primary and secondary atrial septa and the ventricular septum?
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What do angiogenic cells develop into during the embryonic period of heart development?
What do angiogenic cells develop into during the embryonic period of heart development?
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What causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
What causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
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Which congenital malformation results from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary?
Which congenital malformation results from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary?
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What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
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What characterizes Tetralogy of Fallot?
What characterizes Tetralogy of Fallot?
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During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
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What forms major arteries among the six pairs of aortic arch arteries?
What forms major arteries among the six pairs of aortic arch arteries?
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During which period does the primitive heart tube move into the pericardial cavity and is held in position by the dorsal mesocardium?
During which period does the primitive heart tube move into the pericardial cavity and is held in position by the dorsal mesocardium?
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At what stage does the heart form four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
At what stage does the heart form four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
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Which layer of the heart do cardiac progenitor cells begin to form during the embryonic period?
Which layer of the heart do cardiac progenitor cells begin to form during the embryonic period?
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What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
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What structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
What structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
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What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
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During heart development, which structure gives rise to the primary and secondary atrial septa and the ventricular septum?
During heart development, which structure gives rise to the primary and secondary atrial septa and the ventricular septum?
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Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
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What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
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What causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
What causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
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During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percentage hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percentage hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
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What forms major arteries among the six pairs of aortic arch arteries?
What forms major arteries among the six pairs of aortic arch arteries?
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During heart development, what structure gives rise to the primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
During heart development, what structure gives rise to the primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
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What contributes to the formation of the aortic arches on the right and left sides during fetal development?
What contributes to the formation of the aortic arches on the right and left sides during fetal development?
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Which congenital malformation results from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary?
Which congenital malformation results from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary?
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What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
What is responsible for malformations such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects?
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During heart development, what structure separates the smooth part and the muscular part of the right atrium?
During heart development, what structure separates the smooth part and the muscular part of the right atrium?
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What nerve is associated with the aortic arches IV and VI during fetal development?
What nerve is associated with the aortic arches IV and VI during fetal development?
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During which period does the heart shift position and the endocardial tubes fuse to form the primitive heart tube?
During which period does the heart shift position and the endocardial tubes fuse to form the primitive heart tube?
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What is characteristic of Tetralogy of Fallot?
What is characteristic of Tetralogy of Fallot?
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What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
What contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
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What is the condition where the endocardial cushions fail to develop properly, leading to a hole in the interatrial septum?
What is the condition where the endocardial cushions fail to develop properly, leading to a hole in the interatrial septum?
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At what stage does the heart form four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
At what stage does the heart form four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis?
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Where do cardiac progenitor cells form in the embryonic period?
Where do cardiac progenitor cells form in the embryonic period?
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During heart development, what contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
During heart development, what contributes to the formation of the septum ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?
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Which structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
Which structure holds the primitive heart tube in position during its movement into the pericardial cavity?
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What contributes to the initial communication between the left and right sides of the heart during the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations?
What contributes to the initial communication between the left and right sides of the heart during the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations?
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Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
Which cells contribute to the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum during the development of outflow tracts?
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What artery does pair 1 of the aortic arch arteries form during heart development?
What artery does pair 1 of the aortic arch arteries form during heart development?
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Which vein develops into part of the inferior vena cava and portal vein?
Which vein develops into part of the inferior vena cava and portal vein?
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Which vessel(s) drain blood from the head and neck region, with the cranial portion going to cerebral veins, intracranial dural sinuses, and internal jugular veins, and the cervical portions going to the superior vena cava via the right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein?
Which vessel(s) drain blood from the head and neck region, with the cranial portion going to cerebral veins, intracranial dural sinuses, and internal jugular veins, and the cervical portions going to the superior vena cava via the right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein?
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What is the primary cause of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
What is the primary cause of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?
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What is the most common type of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), resulting from the failure of the membranous septum to develop, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary hypertension, dyspnea, and heart failure?
What is the most common type of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), resulting from the failure of the membranous septum to develop, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary hypertension, dyspnea, and heart failure?
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Which condition is characterized by pulmonary stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy?
Which condition is characterized by pulmonary stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy?
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What structure forms major arteries among the six pairs of aortic arch arteries?
What structure forms major arteries among the six pairs of aortic arch arteries?
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What causes Endocardial Cushion Defect with primum type Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) to occur?
What causes Endocardial Cushion Defect with primum type Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) to occur?
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During fetal life, which structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
During fetal life, which structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?
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What defect is NOT associated with an Atrial Septal Defect?
What defect is NOT associated with an Atrial Septal Defect?
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At birth, a child’s skin appears much less pink than expected. The physician determines that the child’s ductus arteriosus did not close. The child has a blue tint because the ductus arteriosus is shunting blood from the ____ to the ____.
At birth, a child’s skin appears much less pink than expected. The physician determines that the child’s ductus arteriosus did not close. The child has a blue tint because the ductus arteriosus is shunting blood from the ____ to the ____.
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During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
During fetal life, in which of the following structures is the percent hemoglobin/oxygen saturation level of fetal blood the lowest?
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During what weeks of development do the pharyngeal/branchial arches form?
During what weeks of development do the pharyngeal/branchial arches form?
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During week six (lymphatic vessel development), the dilated lymph sac that forms at the lower end of the thoracic duct is called the ____.
During week six (lymphatic vessel development), the dilated lymph sac that forms at the lower end of the thoracic duct is called the ____.
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During heart development, the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus transform from a single tube to a double tube.
During heart development, the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus transform from a single tube to a double tube.
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The aortic arches form on the right and left sides from the fetus to the adult.
The aortic arches form on the right and left sides from the fetus to the adult.
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All arteries, veins, and lymphatic channels form from the mesoderm.
All arteries, veins, and lymphatic channels form from the mesoderm.
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The main cause of Tetralogy of Fallot is a defect in the development of the aortic arches.
The main cause of Tetralogy of Fallot is a defect in the development of the aortic arches.
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The main features of heart development include the development of the pericardium and the formation of the atrial septa.
The main features of heart development include the development of the pericardium and the formation of the atrial septa.
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During heart development, the aortic arches transform from a single tube to a double tube.
During heart development, the aortic arches transform from a single tube to a double tube.
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During the embryonic period, the neural plate forms by day 22.
During the embryonic period, the neural plate forms by day 22.
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The primitive heart tube forms the adult-like pattern by day 22.
The primitive heart tube forms the adult-like pattern by day 22.
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The first heartbeat occurs at 18 days and originates in the myocardium.
The first heartbeat occurs at 18 days and originates in the myocardium.
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The basal part of the bulbus cordis becomes the trabeculated part of the right ventricle.
The basal part of the bulbus cordis becomes the trabeculated part of the right ventricle.
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The heart consists of two layers: endocardium and myocardium.
The heart consists of two layers: endocardium and myocardium.
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The first heartbeat originates in the myocardium and forms peristalsis-like waves.
The first heartbeat originates in the myocardium and forms peristalsis-like waves.
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True or false: The AV node is responsible for conducting the electrical impulse from the SA node to the His bundle to the Purkinje fibers.
True or false: The AV node is responsible for conducting the electrical impulse from the SA node to the His bundle to the Purkinje fibers.
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True or false: Persistent ostium secundum is NOT associated with an Atrial Septal Defect.
True or false: Persistent ostium secundum is NOT associated with an Atrial Septal Defect.
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True or false: Atrial septal defect is necessary to survive with pulmonary atresia.
True or false: Atrial septal defect is necessary to survive with pulmonary atresia.
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True or false: Pulmonary atresia is NOT associated with Tetralogy of Fallot.
True or false: Pulmonary atresia is NOT associated with Tetralogy of Fallot.
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True or false: All arteries, veins, and lymphatic channels form from the mesoderm.
True or false: All arteries, veins, and lymphatic channels form from the mesoderm.
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True or false: Aortic arches IV and VI are associated with the Vagus Nerve.
True or false: Aortic arches IV and VI are associated with the Vagus Nerve.
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True or false: During the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations, a communication between the left and right sides is maintained to permit blood flow and bypass non-functioning lungs.
True or false: During the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations, a communication between the left and right sides is maintained to permit blood flow and bypass non-functioning lungs.
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True or false: The formation of the septum ovale allows blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.
True or false: The formation of the septum ovale allows blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.
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True or false: The dorsal aortae form the descending aorta.
True or false: The dorsal aortae form the descending aorta.
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True or false: The vitelline arteries form arteries in the dorsal mesentery.
True or false: The vitelline arteries form arteries in the dorsal mesentery.
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True or false: The formation of outflow tracts is partitioned by endocardial cushions into pulmonary and aortic trunks.
True or false: The formation of outflow tracts is partitioned by endocardial cushions into pulmonary and aortic trunks.
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True or false: The smooth part and muscular part of the right atrium are separated by the crista terminalis.
True or false: The smooth part and muscular part of the right atrium are separated by the crista terminalis.
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True or false: The common cardinal veins consist of the posterior cardinal veins which drain the upper body, receive the subcardinal veins that drain the kidneys and suprarenal glands, and supracardinal veins that form the azygos and hemiazygos veins in the thoracic region and the pelvic segment of the inferior vena cava in the pelvic region
True or false: The common cardinal veins consist of the posterior cardinal veins which drain the upper body, receive the subcardinal veins that drain the kidneys and suprarenal glands, and supracardinal veins that form the azygos and hemiazygos veins in the thoracic region and the pelvic segment of the inferior vena cava in the pelvic region
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True or false: The inferior vena cava develops from the left vitelline vein, left subcardinal vein, supracardinal veins, and sacrocardinal vein
True or false: The inferior vena cava develops from the left vitelline vein, left subcardinal vein, supracardinal veins, and sacrocardinal vein
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True or false: Postnatal circulation changes include the closure of the ductus venosus, the umbilical vein, and the reduction of the umbilical arteries
True or false: Postnatal circulation changes include the closure of the ductus venosus, the umbilical vein, and the reduction of the umbilical arteries
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True or false: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close, causing a shunt of aortic blood into the systemic circulation
True or false: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close, causing a shunt of aortic blood into the systemic circulation
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True or false: Aterial Septal Defects (ASD) result from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum primary, with patent foramen ovale being the most common type
True or false: Aterial Septal Defects (ASD) result from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum primary, with patent foramen ovale being the most common type
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True or false: Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are the least common congenital heart defects, affecting only 5% of people
True or false: Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are the least common congenital heart defects, affecting only 5% of people
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During heart development, the formation of the septum ovale allows blood flow from the left atrium to the right atrium.
During heart development, the formation of the septum ovale allows blood flow from the left atrium to the right atrium.
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The atrioventricular canal is formed by the fusion of the septum primum and endocardial cushions.
The atrioventricular canal is formed by the fusion of the septum primum and endocardial cushions.
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The separation of the ventricles by the interventricular septum initially places the interventricular foramen at its caudal end.
The separation of the ventricles by the interventricular septum initially places the interventricular foramen at its caudal end.
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The aortic arch arteries consist of eight pairs, with pairs 4 and 6 forming parts of the aortic arch and pulmonary arteries.
The aortic arch arteries consist of eight pairs, with pairs 4 and 6 forming parts of the aortic arch and pulmonary arteries.
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The dorsal aortae form the descending aorta, while the vitelline arteries form part of the inferior vena cava.
The dorsal aortae form the descending aorta, while the vitelline arteries form part of the inferior vena cava.
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The formation of the septum ovale allows blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.
The formation of the septum ovale allows blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.
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During the embryonic period, the neural plate forms and the spinal cord develops by day 22.
During the embryonic period, the neural plate forms and the spinal cord develops by day 22.
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True or false: Atrial septal defect is NOT associated with an Atrial Septal Defect.
True or false: Atrial septal defect is NOT associated with an Atrial Septal Defect.
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The primitive heart tube forms the sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis.
The primitive heart tube forms the sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis.
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True or false: Aortic valve stenosis is necessary to survive with pulmonary atresia.
True or false: Aortic valve stenosis is necessary to survive with pulmonary atresia.
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The first heartbeat occurs at 22 days and originates in the endocardium.
The first heartbeat occurs at 22 days and originates in the endocardium.
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True or false: Pulmonary atresia is NOT associated with Tetralogy of Fallot.
True or false: Pulmonary atresia is NOT associated with Tetralogy of Fallot.
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During the fetal period, the heart consists of two layers: endocardium and myocardium.
During the fetal period, the heart consists of two layers: endocardium and myocardium.
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True or false: All arteries, veins, and lymphatic channels form from Mesoderm.
True or false: All arteries, veins, and lymphatic channels form from Mesoderm.
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The basal part of the bulbus cordis becomes the trabeculated part of the left ventricle.
The basal part of the bulbus cordis becomes the trabeculated part of the left ventricle.
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True or false: The aortic arches I, II, IV are important for the abdomen and thorax.
True or false: The aortic arches I, II, IV are important for the abdomen and thorax.
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The first heartbeat originates in the myocardium and forms peristalsis-like waves.
The first heartbeat originates in the myocardium and forms peristalsis-like waves.
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True or false: Aortic arch IV forms the Right subclavian artery on the right side of the embryo and the Arch of aorta on the left.
True or false: Aortic arch IV forms the Right subclavian artery on the right side of the embryo and the Arch of aorta on the left.
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True or false: The lecture objectives include the development of the foramen ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.
True or false: The lecture objectives include the development of the foramen ovale, allowing blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.
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True or false: The book 'Langman's Medical Embryology, 14th edition' provides information on cardiovascular system development from the fetus to the adult.
True or false: The book 'Langman's Medical Embryology, 14th edition' provides information on cardiovascular system development from the fetus to the adult.
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True or false: The coronary sinus is responsible for draining the body wall.
True or false: The coronary sinus is responsible for draining the body wall.
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True or false: The closing of the ductus venosus and the umbilical vein are postnatal circulation changes.
True or false: The closing of the ductus venosus and the umbilical vein are postnatal circulation changes.
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True or false: Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are the most common congenital heart defects, affecting 25% of people.
True or false: Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are the most common congenital heart defects, affecting 25% of people.
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True or false: The dorsal aortae form the ascending aorta.
True or false: The dorsal aortae form the ascending aorta.
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True or false: The anterior cardinal veins drain blood from the head and neck region, and the cranial portion goes to cerebral veins, intracranial dural sinuses, and internal jugular veins. The cervical portions go to the superior vena cava via the right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein.
True or false: The anterior cardinal veins drain blood from the head and neck region, and the cranial portion goes to cerebral veins, intracranial dural sinuses, and internal jugular veins. The cervical portions go to the superior vena cava via the right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein.
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True or false: Postnatal circulation changes include the closure of the ductus venosus, the umbilical vein, and the reduction of the umbilical arteries.
True or false: Postnatal circulation changes include the closure of the ductus venosus, the umbilical vein, and the reduction of the umbilical arteries.
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True or false: Endocardial Cushion Defect with primum type ASD is a rare defect that can cause significant problems.
True or false: Endocardial Cushion Defect with primum type ASD is a rare defect that can cause significant problems.
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True or false: Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are the most common congenital heart defects, affecting 25% of people.
True or false: Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are the most common congenital heart defects, affecting 25% of people.
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True or false: Aterial Septal Defects (ASD) result from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary, with patent foramen ovale being the most common type.
True or false: Aterial Septal Defects (ASD) result from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary, with patent foramen ovale being the most common type.
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True or false: Tetralogy of Fallot is a condition characterized by pulmonary stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and left ventricular hypertrophy.
True or false: Tetralogy of Fallot is a condition characterized by pulmonary stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and left ventricular hypertrophy.
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Study Notes
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The heart develops from the cardiac loop, which includes the sinus venosus derivatives.
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Left Horn: the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium.
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Right Horn: the smooth part (sinus venarum) and muscular part (auricle) of the right atrium, separated by the crista terminalis.
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Sinus Venosus Derivatives: 1. Right venous valve (Valve of inferior vena cava & Valve of coronary sinus), 2. Left venous valve (becomes part of the septum secundum), 3. Pulmonary vein sprouts from the primitive atrium and becomes the smooth wall of the left atrium while the portion derived from the left side of the primitive atrium retains a trabeculated appearance as the left auricle.
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During the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations, a communication between the left and right sides is maintained to permit blood flow and bypass non-functioning lungs.
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Atrioventricular septation: 1. Formation of the atrioventricular canal with endocardial cushions, 2. Fusion of the septum primum and endocardial cushions, forming the right and left canals, 3. Formation of the septum ovale (foramen ovale) allowing blood flow from right atrium to left atrium.
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Separation of the ventricles by the interventricular septum: 1. A crescent-shaped fold composed of muscular and endocardial tissue, 2. Initially the interventricular foramen is at its cranially end, 3. The septum consists of two parts: a membranous part (endocardial tissue) and a muscular part (muscular tissue), 4. After closure, the right ventricle communicates with the pulmonary trunk and the left ventricle with the aorta.
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Formation of outflow tracts: 1. Partitioned by endocardial cushion into pulmonary and aortic trunks, 2. Two spiral mesodermal ridges form the aorticopulmonary septum, 3. Neural crest cells contribute to septum formation, 4. Muscular tissue forms the semilunar valves, 5. Blood from the right ventricle flows into the pulmonary trunk and blood from the left ventricle flows into the aorta.
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Vascular development: 1. Blood islands develop in the body, chorion, and connecting stalk, 2. Endothelial cells form angioblasts and vascular plexuses throughout the embryo, 3. Three separate circulations (vitelline, chorionic, and intra-embryonic) are soon interconnected.
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Aortic arch arteries: 1. Six pairs of aortic arch arteries, 2. Pairs 1, 2, and 3 form major arteries, 3. Pairs 4 and 6 form parts of the aortic arch and pulmonary arteries.
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Fate of paired dorsal aortae, vitelline, and umbilical arteries: 1. Dorsal aortae form the descending aorta, 2. Vitelline arteries form arteries in the dorsal mesentery, 3. Umbilical arteries form the internal iliac arteries and medial umbilical ligaments.
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Three paired veins drain into the heart at 4 weeks: 1. Vitelline veins drain the yolk sac and form part of the inferior vena cava and portal vein, 2. Umbilical veins bring oxygenated blood from the placenta and connect to the inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus, 3. Common cardinal veins drain the head, neck, and body wall of the embryo.
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The heart develops from the cardiac loop, which includes the sinus venosus derivatives.
-
Left Horn: the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium.
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Right Horn: the smooth part (sinus venarum) and muscular part (auricle) of the right atrium, separated by the crista terminalis.
-
Sinus Venosus Derivatives: 1. Right venous valve (Valve of inferior vena cava & Valve of coronary sinus), 2. Left venous valve (becomes part of the septum secundum), 3. Pulmonary vein sprouts from the primitive atrium and becomes the smooth wall of the left atrium while the portion derived from the left side of the primitive atrium retains a trabeculated appearance as the left auricle.
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During the separation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations, a communication between the left and right sides is maintained to permit blood flow and bypass non-functioning lungs.
-
Atrioventricular septation: 1. Formation of the atrioventricular canal with endocardial cushions, 2. Fusion of the septum primum and endocardial cushions, forming the right and left canals, 3. Formation of the septum ovale (foramen ovale) allowing blood flow from right atrium to left atrium.
-
Separation of the ventricles by the interventricular septum: 1. A crescent-shaped fold composed of muscular and endocardial tissue, 2. Initially the interventricular foramen is at its cranially end, 3. The septum consists of two parts: a membranous part (endocardial tissue) and a muscular part (muscular tissue), 4. After closure, the right ventricle communicates with the pulmonary trunk and the left ventricle with the aorta.
-
Formation of outflow tracts: 1. Partitioned by endocardial cushion into pulmonary and aortic trunks, 2. Two spiral mesodermal ridges form the aorticopulmonary septum, 3. Neural crest cells contribute to septum formation, 4. Muscular tissue forms the semilunar valves, 5. Blood from the right ventricle flows into the pulmonary trunk and blood from the left ventricle flows into the aorta.
-
Vascular development: 1. Blood islands develop in the body, chorion, and connecting stalk, 2. Endothelial cells form angioblasts and vascular plexuses throughout the embryo, 3. Three separate circulations (vitelline, chorionic, and intra-embryonic) are soon interconnected.
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Aortic arch arteries: 1. Six pairs of aortic arch arteries, 2. Pairs 1, 2, and 3 form major arteries, 3. Pairs 4 and 6 form parts of the aortic arch and pulmonary arteries.
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Fate of paired dorsal aortae, vitelline, and umbilical arteries: 1. Dorsal aortae form the descending aorta, 2. Vitelline arteries form arteries in the dorsal mesentery, 3. Umbilical arteries form the internal iliac arteries and medial umbilical ligaments.
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Three paired veins drain into the heart at 4 weeks: 1. Vitelline veins drain the yolk sac and form part of the inferior vena cava and portal vein, 2. Umbilical veins bring oxygenated blood from the placenta and connect to the inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus, 3. Common cardinal veins drain the head, neck, and body wall of the embryo.
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Anterior cardinal veins: drain blood from head and neck region, cranial portion goes to cerebral veins, intracranial dural sinuses, and internal jugular veins, cervical portions go to the superior vena cava via the right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein.
-
Common cardinal veins: consist of the posterior cardinal veins which drain the lower body, receive the subcardinal veins that drain the kidneys and suprarenal glands, and supracardinal veins that appear lateral to the sympathetic trunk, forming the azygos and hemiazygos veins in the thoracic region and the pelvic segment of the inferior vena cava in the pelvic region.
-
The inferior vena cava develops from the right vitelline vein, right subcardinal vein, supracardinal veins, and sacrocardinal vein.
-
Circulatory Changes at Birth: Fetal circulation includes oxygenated blood from the placenta entering the inferior vena cava and moving to the right atrium, where it is mixed with deoxygenated blood, and most of the oxygenated blood goes to the left atrium and left ventricle to be pumped to the body via the aorta. Deoxygenated blood goes to the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, bypassing the nonfunctioning lungs via the ductus arteriosus. Postnatal circulation changes include the closure of the ductus venosus, the umbilical vein, and the reduction of the umbilical arteries.
-
Congenital Malformations: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close, causing a shunt of aortic blood into the pulmonary circulation. It affects females more than males, and can be associated with maternal rubella infection and premature infants. Primary cause is the failure of the muscular wall to contract. Treatment is surgical closure.
-
Congenital Malformations: Aterial Septal Defects (ASD) result from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary, with patent foramen ovale being the most common type. It affects females more than males, and most cases are clinically insignificant, but some cases can cause cyanosis.
-
Congenital Malformations: Endocardial Cushion Defect with primum type ASD occurs when the endocardial cushions fail to develop properly, leading to a hole in the interatrial septum. It is a rare defect, but can cause significant problems.
-
Congenital Malformations: Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are the most common congenital heart defects, affecting 25% of people. Membranous Septal Defect is the most common type, resulting from the failure of the membranous septum to develop, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary hypertension, dyspnea, and heart failure.
-
Congenital Malformations: Tetralogy of Fallot is a condition characterized by pulmonary stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. It affects males more than females and is associated with cyanosis which appears later on. The pulmonary trunk is usually small.
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Dr. A Alraddadi's lecture outline covers the development of the heart from the embryonic period to the fetal period.
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During the embryonic period (weeks 1 to 8), the bilaminar germ disc forms, and gastrulation occurs. By day 18, the neural plate forms and spinal cord develops.
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Cardiac progenitor cells begin to form in the epiblast layer, lateral to the primitive streak, and migrate to the splanchnic mesoderm. They differentiate into blood islands and myoblasts.
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The cardiogenic plate forms, which is a horseshoe-shaped structure of two endocardial tubes surrounded by myoblasts.
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As the neural tube grows, the heart shifts position and the endocardial tubes fuse to form the primitive heart tube.
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Angiogenic cells develop into the dorsal aortae, which are attached to the caudal end of the primitive heart tube.
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The primitive heart tube moves into the pericardial cavity and is held in position by the dorsal mesocardium.
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The primitive heart tube forms four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis.
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The first heartbeat occurs at 22 days and originates in the myocardium.
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The primitive heart elongates and forms the cardiac loop by day 28. The venous and arterial ends are brought together, forming the adult-like pattern.
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During the fetal period (weeks 9 to 38), the heart continues to develop and the fetal circulation is established.
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The heart consists of three layers: endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium.
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The heart tube has four subdivisions: sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, and bulbus cordis.
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The sinus venosus has paired structures that receive veins from the placenta, yolk sac, and body of the embryo.
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The primitive heart tube has a sinus venosus, a primitive atrium, a primitive ventricle, and a bulbus cordis.
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The basal part of the bulbus cordis becomes the trabeculated part of the right ventricle, the middle part forms the conus cordis, and the upper part forms the truncus arteriosus.
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The first heartbeat originates in the myocardium and forms peristalsis-like waves. By the end of week 4, coordinated contractions result in unidirectional blood flow.
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Anterior cardinal veins: drain blood from head and neck region, cranial portion goes to cerebral veins, intracranial dural sinuses, and internal jugular veins, cervical portions go to the superior vena cava via the right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein.
-
Common cardinal veins: consist of the posterior cardinal veins which drain the lower body, receive the subcardinal veins that drain the kidneys and suprarenal glands, and supracardinal veins that appear lateral to the sympathetic trunk, forming the azygos and hemiazygos veins in the thoracic region and the pelvic segment of the inferior vena cava in the pelvic region.
-
The inferior vena cava develops from the right vitelline vein, right subcardinal vein, supracardinal veins, and sacrocardinal vein.
-
Circulatory Changes at Birth: Fetal circulation includes oxygenated blood from the placenta entering the inferior vena cava and moving to the right atrium, where it is mixed with deoxygenated blood, and most of the oxygenated blood goes to the left atrium and left ventricle to be pumped to the body via the aorta. Deoxygenated blood goes to the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, bypassing the nonfunctioning lungs via the ductus arteriosus. Postnatal circulation changes include the closure of the ductus venosus, the umbilical vein, and the reduction of the umbilical arteries.
-
Congenital Malformations: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close, causing a shunt of aortic blood into the pulmonary circulation. It affects females more than males, and can be associated with maternal rubella infection and premature infants. Primary cause is the failure of the muscular wall to contract. Treatment is surgical closure.
-
Congenital Malformations: Aterial Septal Defects (ASD) result from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary, with patent foramen ovale being the most common type. It affects females more than males, and most cases are clinically insignificant, but some cases can cause cyanosis.
-
Congenital Malformations: Endocardial Cushion Defect with primum type ASD occurs when the endocardial cushions fail to develop properly, leading to a hole in the interatrial septum. It is a rare defect, but can cause significant problems.
-
Congenital Malformations: Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are the most common congenital heart defects, affecting 25% of people. Membranous Septal Defect is the most common type, resulting from the failure of the membranous septum to develop, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary hypertension, dyspnea, and heart failure.
-
Congenital Malformations: Tetralogy of Fallot is a condition characterized by pulmonary stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. It affects males more than females and is associated with cyanosis which appears later on. The pulmonary trunk is usually small.
-
Anterior cardinal veins: drain blood from head and neck region, cranial portion goes to cerebral veins, intracranial dural sinuses, and internal jugular veins, cervical portions go to the superior vena cava via the right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein.
-
Common cardinal veins: consist of the posterior cardinal veins which drain the lower body, receive the subcardinal veins that drain the kidneys and suprarenal glands, and supracardinal veins that appear lateral to the sympathetic trunk, forming the azygos and hemiazygos veins in the thoracic region and the pelvic segment of the inferior vena cava in the pelvic region.
-
The inferior vena cava develops from the right vitelline vein, right subcardinal vein, supracardinal veins, and sacrocardinal vein.
-
Circulatory Changes at Birth: Fetal circulation includes oxygenated blood from the placenta entering the inferior vena cava and moving to the right atrium, where it is mixed with deoxygenated blood, and most of the oxygenated blood goes to the left atrium and left ventricle to be pumped to the body via the aorta. Deoxygenated blood goes to the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, bypassing the nonfunctioning lungs via the ductus arteriosus. Postnatal circulation changes include the closure of the ductus venosus, the umbilical vein, and the reduction of the umbilical arteries.
-
Congenital Malformations: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close, causing a shunt of aortic blood into the pulmonary circulation. It affects females more than males, and can be associated with maternal rubella infection and premature infants. Primary cause is the failure of the muscular wall to contract. Treatment is surgical closure.
-
Congenital Malformations: Aterial Septal Defects (ASD) result from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary, with patent foramen ovale being the most common type. It affects females more than males, and most cases are clinically insignificant, but some cases can cause cyanosis.
-
Congenital Malformations: Endocardial Cushion Defect with primum type ASD occurs when the endocardial cushions fail to develop properly, leading to a hole in the interatrial septum. It is a rare defect, but can cause significant problems.
-
Congenital Malformations: Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are the most common congenital heart defects, affecting 25% of people. Membranous Septal Defect is the most common type, resulting from the failure of the membranous septum to develop, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary hypertension, dyspnea, and heart failure.
-
Congenital Malformations: Tetralogy of Fallot is a condition characterized by pulmonary stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. It affects males more than females and is associated with cyanosis which appears later on. The pulmonary trunk is usually small.
-
Anterior cardinal veins: drain blood from head and neck region, cranial portion goes to cerebral veins, intracranial dural sinuses, and internal jugular veins, cervical portions go to the superior vena cava via the right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein.
-
Common cardinal veins: consist of the posterior cardinal veins which drain the lower body, receive the subcardinal veins that drain the kidneys and suprarenal glands, and supracardinal veins that appear lateral to the sympathetic trunk, forming the azygos and hemiazygos veins in the thoracic region and the pelvic segment of the inferior vena cava in the pelvic region.
-
The inferior vena cava develops from the right vitelline vein, right subcardinal vein, supracardinal veins, and sacrocardinal vein.
-
Circulatory Changes at Birth: Fetal circulation includes oxygenated blood from the placenta entering the inferior vena cava and moving to the right atrium, where it is mixed with deoxygenated blood, and most of the oxygenated blood goes to the left atrium and left ventricle to be pumped to the body via the aorta. Deoxygenated blood goes to the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, bypassing the nonfunctioning lungs via the ductus arteriosus. Postnatal circulation changes include the closure of the ductus venosus, the umbilical vein, and the reduction of the umbilical arteries.
-
Congenital Malformations: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close, causing a shunt of aortic blood into the pulmonary circulation. It affects females more than males, and can be associated with maternal rubella infection and premature infants. Primary cause is the failure of the muscular wall to contract. Treatment is surgical closure.
-
Congenital Malformations: Aterial Septal Defects (ASD) result from a failure of adhesion between the flap and septum secondary, with patent foramen ovale being the most common type. It affects females more than males, and most cases are clinically insignificant, but some cases can cause cyanosis.
-
Congenital Malformations: Endocardial Cushion Defect with primum type ASD occurs when the endocardial cushions fail to develop properly, leading to a hole in the interatrial septum. It is a rare defect, but can cause significant problems.
-
Congenital Malformations: Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are the most common congenital heart defects, affecting 25% of people. Membranous Septal Defect is the most common type, resulting from the failure of the membranous septum to develop, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary hypertension, dyspnea, and heart failure.
-
Congenital Malformations: Tetralogy of Fallot is a condition characterized by pulmonary stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. It affects males more than females and is associated with cyanosis which appears later on. The pulmonary trunk is usually small.
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Test your knowledge on the development of cardiac structures such as the coronary sinus, oblique vein, right atrium, and cardiac loop formation. Learn about the derivatives of the sinus venosus and the sinoatrial orifice.
