Development Indicators and Spatial Variations

• SDG stands for Sustainable Development Goals.
• The MDGs were created in 2000.
• People in cities/urban areas tend to live longer because of better access to medical services.
• A limitation of the HDI is that it does not accurately capture inequality within countries based on income or cultural background.
• Internal reasons for spatial variations in wellbeing include population growth, resources, and political instability.

Analysis of Source A (Income Class Percentages)

• Upper income represents 10% of the population in Australia.
• Upper income represents 9% of the population in OECD countries.
• Middle income represents 58% of the population in Australia.
• Middle income represents 61% of the population in OECD countries.
• Lower income represents 19% of the population in Australia.
• Lower income represents 18% of the population in OECD countries.
• Poor represents 13% of the population in Australia.
• Poor represents 11% of the population in OECD countries.
• Upper income class makes up the smallest percentage of Australia's population.
• The difference between the OECD population and the Australian population in the middle-income class is 3%.

Analysis of Source B (Australia's HDI Trends)

• Between 1990 and 2018, GNI per capita grew from 27,679 to 44,097.
• Between 1990 and 2018, Life expectancy at birth grew from 76.9 to 83.3.
• Between 1990 and 2018, Expected years of schooling grew from 17.4 to 22.1.
• Between 1990 and 2018, Mean years of schooling grew from 11.7 to 12.7.
• Between 1990 and 2018, HDI value grew from 0.866 to 0.938.
• GNI per capita, part of Australia's indicators in the HDI, increased by roughly 50% between 1990 and 2018.
• The increase in HDI indicators suggests that access to higher education has increased within Australia.

Analysis of Source D (China's Adult Literacy Rates)

• There were significant improvements in female literacy rates in China.
• In 1982, women's literacy rates were at 51.14%.
• Women's literacy rates increased to 90.94% in 2009.
• There was an overall improvement in literacy rates within China from 65.51% in 1982 to 93.98% in 2009.
• The implementation of educational reforms, with significant increases in government-funded programs for women in urban areas, most accurately accounts for the trends identified in the source.

Analysis of Source E (Life Expectancy Map, 2019)

• This is a Choropleth Map showing Life Expectancy across the World, 2019.

Analysis of Source F (Inequalities in Wellbeing)

• War, civil conflict, and political instability are complex events.
• War's costs are immense in terms of human life and economic resources.
• War and civil unrest often require resources that could otherwise be dedicated to areas such as healthcare and education.
• Infrastructure can be destroyed, negatively impacting individuals' quality of life.
• Good governments protect individual rights, encourage economic freedom, promote happiness, and include their population in decision-making.