Developing Self-Confidence in Adolescence
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Questions and Answers

What is one characteristic of formal operational thought?

  • Symbol manipulation
  • Concrete thinking
  • Pragmatic approach
  • Hypothetico-deductive reasoning (correct)
  • What is propositional reasoning?

  • Logical inferences from false premises
  • Logical inferences from true premises (correct)
  • Illogical inferences from false premises
  • Illogical inferences from true premises
  • What is post-formal thinking?

  • Concrete thinking
  • Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
  • Symbol manipulation
  • Pragmatic approach to problem-solving (correct)
  • At what age does information-processing theory suggest that learners become active?

    <p>3-6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, how many realms of cognition are examined?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea of Gardner's multiple intelligences theory?

    <p>Intelligence is made up of multiple, distinct abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, how is a child viewed?

    <p>As developing within a complex system of interrelationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of organizing sights and sounds and attaching meanings to them in infants?

    <p>Attachment and responsiveness to sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one approach to understanding intelligence according to Sternberg's theory?

    <p>Pragmatic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud Erikson's Theory, how many stages of development are there?

    <p>8 stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major theoretical perspective focuses on the social and cultural influences on development?

    <p>Contextual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of development does the conflict between trust and mistrust occur?

    <p>Stage 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of successfully resolving the conflict in Stage 2 of Freud Erikson's Theory?

    <p>Autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of development involves the conflict between initiative and guilt?

    <p>Stage 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main conflict in Stage 3 of Freud Erikson's Theory?

    <p>Initiative vs Guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major theoretical perspective focuses on the development of a fully functioning personality through the resolution of crises?

    <p>Psychoanalytical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of successfully resolving the conflict in Stage 1 of Freud Erikson's Theory?

    <p>Trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major theoretical perspective focuses on the role of learning and behavior in development?

    <p>Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of development involves the conflict between autonomy and shame and doubt?

    <p>Stage 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget's cognitive stages, which stage is characterized by the development of object permanence?

    <p>Combined Secondary Circular Reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marcia's identity status model, which stage is focused on establishing identity in adolescence?

    <p>Stage 5 Identity vs Role Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to operant conditioning, what increases the probability of a behavior occurring again?

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Skinner's operant conditioning, what is the focus when reinforcing desirable traits in children?

    <p>Acquiring individual specific behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social cognitive learning theory, how do behaviors primarily get learned?

    <p>Through observing and imitating models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bandura's social cognitive learning theory, what is the difference between imitation and modeling?

    <p>Imitation involves direct repetition, while modeling involves indirect reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Pavlov's classical conditioning, what is used to elicit a behavior?

    <p>A stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget's cognitive stages, which stage is characterized by significant cognitive advances, particularly in language, but still has limitations in thinking?

    <p>Preoperational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, which stage is focused on the capacity to commit oneself and abide by commitments?

    <p>Stage 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, which stage is focused on the resolution of conflict leading to striving for excellence and achievement motivation?

    <p>Stage 4 Industry vs Inferiority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, which stage is focused on the resolution of conflict leading to the development of intimate relationships?

    <p>Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of language development in infants?

    <p>Understanding syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by conformity to social system and ethics of law and order?

    <p>Social contract orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflexes is an example of a primitive reflex in infants?

    <p>Grasping reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the theories of biological aging, which theory focuses on the breakdown of cells, tissues, and organs due to wear and tear and genetic errors?

    <p>Cellular or variable rate theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of successful aging emphasizes active participation in social roles and the positive impact of activities on well-being?

    <p>Activity Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is important for balance, stability, postural tone, and muscle tone in infants?

    <p>Head righting reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Gilligan's theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by the integration of needs of self, others, and what's right?

    <p>Integrated care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves the child wandering about and watching whatever is of momentary interest without becoming involved in any activity?

    <p>Unoccupied play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reflex in infants involves the movement starting at the head and following to the shoulders, chest, and pelvis, or vice versa?

    <p>Segmental rolling reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system includes systems that affect the child’s experiences in immediate settings such as workplace environments, community health services, extended family?

    <p>Exosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model describes the interactions between infant temperament and environmental pressures, and involves creating environments that recognize a child’s temperament while encouraging positive adaptive behaviors?

    <p>Goodness of fit model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what is the term used to describe activities a child can almost perform, and knowledge is relocated as competence develops?

    <p>Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 main benefits of scaffolding in Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory?

    <p>Used selectively to aid the learner when/where needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the concept of social clocks, what do cultural and generational differences reflect?

    <p>Different expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system includes the home environment of parents and siblings?

    <p>Microsystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what is the term used to describe the cognitive tool that scaffolding functions as?

    <p>Exosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system includes the customs, laws, and cultural values of society?

    <p>Macrosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what is the term used to describe the range of tasks that can be achieved with guidance?

    <p>Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system includes the neighborhood play area and child care center?

    <p>Mesosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves two or more children playing side by side in close proximity with an awareness of each other, often with the same toys or similar activity, but do not share, talk, or interact?

    <p>Parallel play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves children consciously forming into a group to make something, attain a goal, or dramatize a situation, with one or two members organizing and directing the activity, and children assuming different roles and responsibilities?

    <p>Cooperative play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves the child watching others play without actually entering into the activities, being clearly involved with what is happening and usually within speaking distance of the participants?

    <p>Onlooker play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves children engaging in a common activity and talking about it with each other, but not assigning tasks or roles to particular individuals and not being very clear about their goals?

    <p>Associative play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves the child playing alone with different toys/objects and with no awareness of or involvement with other children?

    <p>Solitary play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves children engaging in a common activity and talking about it with each other, but not assigning tasks or roles to particular individuals and not being very clear about their goals?

    <p>Associative play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves two or more children playing side by side in close proximity with an awareness of each other, often with the same toys or similar activity, but do not share, talk, or interact?

    <p>Parallel play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves children consciously forming into a group to make something, attain a goal, or dramatize a situation, with one or two members organizing and directing the activity, and children assuming different roles and responsibilities?

    <p>Cooperative play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves the child watching others play without actually entering into the activities, being clearly involved with what is happening and usually within speaking distance of the participants?

    <p>Onlooker play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves children engaging in a common activity and talking about it with each other, but not assigning tasks or roles to particular individuals and not being very clear about their goals?

    <p>Associative play</p> Signup and view all the answers

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