Developing Self-Confidence in Adolescence

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What is one characteristic of formal operational thought?

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

What is propositional reasoning?

Logical inferences from true premises

What is post-formal thinking?

Pragmatic approach to problem-solving

At what age does information-processing theory suggest that learners become active?

3-6 years

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, how many realms of cognition are examined?

3

What is the main idea of Gardner's multiple intelligences theory?

Intelligence is made up of multiple, distinct abilities

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, how is a child viewed?

As developing within a complex system of interrelationships

What is the term used to describe the process of organizing sights and sounds and attaching meanings to them in infants?

Attachment and responsiveness to sound

What is one approach to understanding intelligence according to Sternberg's theory?

Pragmatic approach

According to Freud Erikson's Theory, how many stages of development are there?

8 stages

Which major theoretical perspective focuses on the social and cultural influences on development?

Contextual

In which stage of development does the conflict between trust and mistrust occur?

Stage 1

What is the outcome of successfully resolving the conflict in Stage 2 of Freud Erikson's Theory?

Autonomy

Which stage of development involves the conflict between initiative and guilt?

Stage 3

What is the main conflict in Stage 3 of Freud Erikson's Theory?

Initiative vs Guilt

Which major theoretical perspective focuses on the development of a fully functioning personality through the resolution of crises?

Psychoanalytical

What is the outcome of successfully resolving the conflict in Stage 1 of Freud Erikson's Theory?

Trust

Which major theoretical perspective focuses on the role of learning and behavior in development?

Learning

Which stage of development involves the conflict between autonomy and shame and doubt?

Stage 2

According to Piaget's cognitive stages, which stage is characterized by the development of object permanence?

Combined Secondary Circular Reactions

According to Marcia's identity status model, which stage is focused on establishing identity in adolescence?

Stage 5 Identity vs Role Confusion

According to operant conditioning, what increases the probability of a behavior occurring again?

Positive reinforcement

According to Skinner's operant conditioning, what is the focus when reinforcing desirable traits in children?

Acquiring individual specific behaviors

According to social cognitive learning theory, how do behaviors primarily get learned?

Through observing and imitating models

According to Bandura's social cognitive learning theory, what is the difference between imitation and modeling?

Imitation involves direct repetition, while modeling involves indirect reinforcement

According to Pavlov's classical conditioning, what is used to elicit a behavior?

A stimulus

According to Piaget's cognitive stages, which stage is characterized by significant cognitive advances, particularly in language, but still has limitations in thinking?

Preoperational Stage

According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, which stage is focused on the capacity to commit oneself and abide by commitments?

Stage 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation

According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, which stage is focused on the resolution of conflict leading to striving for excellence and achievement motivation?

Stage 4 Industry vs Inferiority

According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, which stage is focused on the resolution of conflict leading to the development of intimate relationships?

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Which of the following is NOT a component of language development in infants?

Understanding syntax

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by conformity to social system and ethics of law and order?

Social contract orientation

Which of the following reflexes is an example of a primitive reflex in infants?

Grasping reflex

According to the theories of biological aging, which theory focuses on the breakdown of cells, tissues, and organs due to wear and tear and genetic errors?

Cellular or variable rate theories

Which theory of successful aging emphasizes active participation in social roles and the positive impact of activities on well-being?

Activity Theory

Which reflex is important for balance, stability, postural tone, and muscle tone in infants?

Head righting reflex

According to Gilligan's theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by the integration of needs of self, others, and what's right?

Integrated care

Which type of play involves the child wandering about and watching whatever is of momentary interest without becoming involved in any activity?

Unoccupied play

Which type of reflex in infants involves the movement starting at the head and following to the shoulders, chest, and pelvis, or vice versa?

Segmental rolling reflex

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system includes systems that affect the child’s experiences in immediate settings such as workplace environments, community health services, extended family?

Exosystem

Which model describes the interactions between infant temperament and environmental pressures, and involves creating environments that recognize a child’s temperament while encouraging positive adaptive behaviors?

Goodness of fit model

According to Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what is the term used to describe activities a child can almost perform, and knowledge is relocated as competence develops?

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 main benefits of scaffolding in Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory?

Used selectively to aid the learner when/where needed

According to the concept of social clocks, what do cultural and generational differences reflect?

Different expectations

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system includes the home environment of parents and siblings?

Microsystem

According to Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what is the term used to describe the cognitive tool that scaffolding functions as?

Exosystem

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system includes the customs, laws, and cultural values of society?

Macrosystem

According to Vygotsky's Socio-Cultural Theory, what is the term used to describe the range of tasks that can be achieved with guidance?

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system includes the neighborhood play area and child care center?

Mesosystem

Which type of play involves two or more children playing side by side in close proximity with an awareness of each other, often with the same toys or similar activity, but do not share, talk, or interact?

Parallel play

Which type of play involves children consciously forming into a group to make something, attain a goal, or dramatize a situation, with one or two members organizing and directing the activity, and children assuming different roles and responsibilities?

Cooperative play

Which type of play involves the child watching others play without actually entering into the activities, being clearly involved with what is happening and usually within speaking distance of the participants?

Onlooker play

Which type of play involves children engaging in a common activity and talking about it with each other, but not assigning tasks or roles to particular individuals and not being very clear about their goals?

Associative play

Which type of play involves the child playing alone with different toys/objects and with no awareness of or involvement with other children?

Solitary play

Which type of play involves children engaging in a common activity and talking about it with each other, but not assigning tasks or roles to particular individuals and not being very clear about their goals?

Associative play

Which type of play involves two or more children playing side by side in close proximity with an awareness of each other, often with the same toys or similar activity, but do not share, talk, or interact?

Parallel play

Which type of play involves children consciously forming into a group to make something, attain a goal, or dramatize a situation, with one or two members organizing and directing the activity, and children assuming different roles and responsibilities?

Cooperative play

Which type of play involves the child watching others play without actually entering into the activities, being clearly involved with what is happening and usually within speaking distance of the participants?

Onlooker play

Which type of play involves children engaging in a common activity and talking about it with each other, but not assigning tasks or roles to particular individuals and not being very clear about their goals?

Associative play

"Quiz: Overcoming the Desire for Approval and Building Self-Confidence in Adolescence" - Test your knowledge on stages of psychological development, including industry vs inferiority and identity vs role confusion, and learn how to overcome the need for approval and develop a strong sense of self-esteem during the crucial years of 6-19.

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