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Questions and Answers
When was the Department of Agriculture established?
When was the Department of Agriculture established?
- May 12, 1898
- June 12, 1900
- July 12, 1899
- June 12, 1898 (correct)
Which crop is classified among root and tuber crops?
Which crop is classified among root and tuber crops?
- Peas
- Cassava (correct)
- Sugarcane
- Cacao
Who was the first director of the Department of Agriculture?
Who was the first director of the Department of Agriculture?
- Leon Ma. Guerrero
- Graciano Gonzaga
- Vicente Singson Encarnacion
- Jose Alejandrino (correct)
Which of the following disciplines focuses on field crop production?
Which of the following disciplines focuses on field crop production?
What significant program was launched by Dr. Salvador H. Escudero III?
What significant program was launched by Dr. Salvador H. Escudero III?
Which secretary of agriculture focused on increasing rice production?
Which secretary of agriculture focused on increasing rice production?
Which of the following plants is classified as a medicinal plant?
Which of the following plants is classified as a medicinal plant?
Who authored the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1998?
Who authored the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1998?
What is the primary characteristic of good domesticated animals?
What is the primary characteristic of good domesticated animals?
Which of the following is NOT a type of plant classification?
Which of the following is NOT a type of plant classification?
What does fecundity refer to in animal husbandry?
What does fecundity refer to in animal husbandry?
Which of the following terms describes the act of giving birth in female pigs?
Which of the following terms describes the act of giving birth in female pigs?
Which constraint can influence agricultural production in the Philippines?
Which constraint can influence agricultural production in the Philippines?
What is the act of fertilization known as in animal husbandry?
What is the act of fertilization known as in animal husbandry?
What is the primary concern addressed by educational training in agricultural production?
What is the primary concern addressed by educational training in agricultural production?
Which type of weed is characterized by examples such as Bermudagrass?
Which type of weed is characterized by examples such as Bermudagrass?
What is one benefit of diversifying agricultural practices on a farm?
What is one benefit of diversifying agricultural practices on a farm?
Which of the following nutrients is primarily responsible for providing energy for bodily functions?
Which of the following nutrients is primarily responsible for providing energy for bodily functions?
Which of these is NOT classified as an animal product?
Which of these is NOT classified as an animal product?
What is considered a major source of plant-based nutrition globally?
What is considered a major source of plant-based nutrition globally?
What type of meat comes from livestock such as cattle and sheep?
What type of meat comes from livestock such as cattle and sheep?
Which plant product category includes staple foods for a large part of the world's population?
Which plant product category includes staple foods for a large part of the world's population?
Which is the most widely used animal fiber for clothing?
Which is the most widely used animal fiber for clothing?
What is a common use for leather derived from animal hides?
What is a common use for leather derived from animal hides?
What percentage of the total land in the Philippines is classified as forestland?
What percentage of the total land in the Philippines is classified as forestland?
What is the significance of irrigated agriculture in the Philippines?
What is the significance of irrigated agriculture in the Philippines?
What major factor is expected to increase agricultural production needs by 70% by 2050?
What major factor is expected to increase agricultural production needs by 70% by 2050?
Which farming system involves moving livestock to find suitable grazing land?
Which farming system involves moving livestock to find suitable grazing land?
Which statement best describes small-scale agriculture in the Philippines?
Which statement best describes small-scale agriculture in the Philippines?
What is a primary characteristic of subsistence farming?
What is a primary characteristic of subsistence farming?
Which farming type involves clearing forest land for agriculture and then moving to new plots as soil fertility declines?
Which farming type involves clearing forest land for agriculture and then moving to new plots as soil fertility declines?
What limitation primarily affects productivity in subsistence farming?
What limitation primarily affects productivity in subsistence farming?
What is a key characteristic of developed countries?
What is a key characteristic of developed countries?
Which of the following statements about developing countries is accurate?
Which of the following statements about developing countries is accurate?
In terms of food production, which statement accurately describes developed countries?
In terms of food production, which statement accurately describes developed countries?
What does a high Human Development Index (HDI) indicate for a country?
What does a high Human Development Index (HDI) indicate for a country?
Which option best describes the living conditions in developing countries?
Which option best describes the living conditions in developing countries?
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of developed countries?
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of developed countries?
What is the main reason behind high infant mortality rates in developing countries?
What is the main reason behind high infant mortality rates in developing countries?
Which of the following is most closely related to the economic structure of developing countries?
Which of the following is most closely related to the economic structure of developing countries?
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Study Notes
Establishment of the Department of Agriculture
- Formed on June 12, 1898.
- First Directors:
- Jose Alejandrino (1898-1899)
- Graciano Gonzaga (Late 1899)
- Leon Ma. Guerrero (Late 1899)
Agronomic Classification of Crops
- Cereals/Grain Crops: Includes corn and rice.
- Legumes Seed Crops: Examples are cowpeas, beans, peanuts, and peas.
- Root and Tuber Crops: Include cassava, gabi, ubi, Irish potato, camote, and singkamas.
- Sugar Crops: Primarily sugarcane and sugar beets.
- Oil and Beverage Crops: Includes castor plant, coconut, cacao, coffee, and tea.
- Fiber Crops: Examples are abaca, cotton, kenaf, kapok, maguey, and pineapple.
- Rubber Crop: Specific details not provided.
- Pasture and Forage Crops: Includes guinea grass, napier grass, and carabao grass.
- Medicinal Plants: Examples are luya (ginger) and lagundi (a medicinal herb).
Disciplines of Crop Production
- Agronomy: Focus on field crop production and management.
- Horticulture includes:
- Pomology: Study of fruits.
- Olericulture: Study of vegetables.
- Floriculture: Study of flowers.
- Nursery Management and Landscape Gardening.
Historical Context and DA Secretaries
- Key appointments include:
- Vicente Singson Encarnacion (1945) under President Sergio Osmeña.
- Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr. (1934-1938) under President Manuel L. Quezon.
- Dr. Salvador H. Escudero III (1996) launched the Gintong Ani program.
- Edgardo J. Angara (1999) authored the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act.
- Proceso J. Alcala (2010) focused on rice production.
- Emmanuel F. Piñol (2016) appointed under President Rodrigo Duterte.
Overview of Agricultural Production in the Philippines
- The Philippines is tropical with many subsistence farmers.
- Influenced by education, farmer income, traditions, beliefs, and climate conditions.
Classification of Crop Plants
- Botanical Classification: Taxonomic hierarchy of plants.
- Descriptive Classification: Based on growth habit and structure.
- Agricultural Classification: Includes agronomic, horticultural, and weed classifications.
Weeds
- Broadleaf Weeds: Examples include dayflower and common purslane.
- Grasses: Examples include Bermudagrass and cogon grass.
- Sedges: Example is rice flat sedges.
Animal Production
- Domestication: Adapting animals for human use.
- Characteristics of Good Domesticated Animals: Hardy, flexible feeding habits, quick growth.
- Important terms:
- Parturition: Giving birth.
- Specific acts of giving birth include calving (cows), farrowing (pigs), kidding (goats), foaling (horses), and lambing (sheep).
- Fertility definitions: Female (ability to produce ova), Male (production of sperm), fecundity (frequent offspring production).
Role of Agriculture in Human Nutrition
- Agriculture is the primary source of essential nutrients for human health.
- Balanced Diet: Necessary for proper nutrition.
- Nutrient categories include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and minerals.
Products Used for Food
- Animal Products: Meat (red and white), milk, and eggs.
- Plant Products: Include cereals, vegetables, and fruits.
Products Used for Shelter
- Wood Products: Lumber and composition board vital for construction.
Products Used for Clothing
- Wool and Hair Products: Used in clothing and accessories.
- Leather: Derived from animal hides.
- Silk: Produced by silkworms, used in fabrics.
Developed vs. Developing Countries
- Developed Countries: High industrialization, better living conditions, and high HDI.
- Developing Countries: Low industrialization, poverty, and high infant mortality rates.
Food Production vs. Population Growth
- Developed countries produce more food than their population size, while developing countries face food production challenges.
Overview of Philippine Agriculture
- Agricultural Resources:
- Land: 30 million hectares; significant forestland.
- Water: Critical for agriculture; irrigated lands account for a major share of food production.
- Financial Capital: Essential for encouraging investments in agricultural technology.
Agricultural Production Systems
- Various methods include subsistence, pastoral, nomadic, shifting cultivation, arable, plantation, and mixed farming.
Small-Scale Agriculture
- Practiced on less than 4 hectares, using organic manure and simple tools for family food production.
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