Deuterostomia & Echinodermata

• Superphylum Deuterostomia are organisms where, during development, the primary mouth becomes the anus.
• A new mouth is created secondarily in deuterostomes.
• The nervous system consists of a dorsal tube that continuously develops into a brain and spinal cord.
• Lack nervous ganglia
• Circulatory system exists on the ventral site.
• Most complex organisms

Phylum Echinodermata

• Old deuterostomes
• Strictly marine
• Free-living and macroscopic
• Benthic-dwelling
• Larvae have bilateral symmetry, while adults display pentameral symmetry.
• The oral opening is on the ventral side, and the anal opening is on the dorsal side.
• They possess spines or venom glands and have an internal calcareous skeleton.
• Echinodermata have no head or brain, only specialized sensory organs
• Statocyst is used to help determine stinging cells.
• Possess simple eyes
• Ambulacral system possibly replaces the respiratory and circulatory systems.
• The ambulacral system comprises a network of water-filled canals.
• Reproduction involves gonochorists and external fertilization.

Phylum Chordata

• Organisms possess a notochord at some point in their life cycle.
• The notochord serves as a support organ and creates an internal axial skeleton.
• It originates from ectodermal tissue, is tough but flexible, and converts to a vertebral column in developed organisms.

Subphylum Tunicata

• Marine organisms
• Their body is essentially a sack with two siphons, and the tunic is a thick covering.
• Tunicata has an open circulatory system, lacks an excretory system, and are hermaphroditic.
• Can be further divided into 3 classes
• The class Ascidiacea is comprised of sac-like marine filter feeders with a tough outer tunic and are sessile.
• Larvae have a notochord, and adults have a nervous ganglion including nervous fibers.
• Water is taken in through the oral siphon, and water enters the mouth and pharynx.
• Water then flows into a water chamber called the atrium and exits through the atrial siphon.
• Most of the adult's body is occupied by a large pharynx with gill slits.
• The endostyle is responsible for catching food particles.
• Used as food and model organism for research

Class Thaliacea

• Free-floating filter-feeders
• Has a jelly-like tunic
• Possess an endostyle, which is a groove on the ventral side of the pharynx containing glandular and flagellated cells.
• Exhibits a large pharyngeal cavity, esophagus, stomach, gut, and cloaca.
• Larvae have a notochord, and there is a nervous ganglion with nervous fibers.

Class Larvaceans/Copelata

• Tiny organisms
• Jelly-like shell
• Notochords are maintained in adulthood.

Subphylum Cephalochordata

• Marine, bottom dwellers
• Thin body
• Filter-feeders
• Have oral cirri that act as sensory devices and water filter.
• Cephalochordata lacks eyes and mandibles.
• The notochord exists throughout its whole life.
• Endostyle is a groove on the ventral side of the pharynx containing glandular and flagellated cells.

Subphylum Vertebrata

• Organisms that have a vertebral column
• Bony or cartilaginous endoskeleton
• Muscles attach to the skeleton.
• Multilayer skin includes skin derivatives
• Tubular nervous system includes the brain
• Heart consists of 2-4 chambers.
• Blood contains red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC)
• It has a paried kidney and is gonochoristic
• Can be classified as Oviviparous, ovoviviparous or viviparous
• Can be further divided into superclasses

Superclass Cyclostomata

• Primitive vertebrates
• Live in either fresh or marine water
• They are eel-like and elongated
• They do not have jaws (mouth cannot close).
• Rows of teeth move in a circular motion.
• Mostly parasitic, but also predacious.
• Have a wholly cartilaginous skeleton, with a persistent notochord
• Median fin
• These organisms do not have limbs or paired fins.
• Reproduce only in fresh water.
• Very developed senses of smell and taste.
• Can be divided into lampreys and haggish

Class Chondrichthyes

• Cartilaginous fish
• Mostly marine
• Lack true bone and possess a cartilage-composed endoskeleton makes them more flexible
• Skin is tough and covered with placoid scales.
• They have thick, fleshy fins, unlike bony fish.
• Gills and spiracles are behind each eye, and they lack a swim bladder.
• Abundant oil in its liver
• Have a cloaca
• Has a lateral line
• Organisms possess a pelvic clasper, and development lacks a larval stage, with internal fertilization
• Can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous
• Replace teeth periodically.
• Most are filter feeders, some are predators, and carnivores feed on fish and invertebrates.
• Can be further divided into 3 groups
• Sharks possess stiff fins, offering little flex, but needing for steering and good senses.
• Rays and skates are flat, have aliform fins and mouth on the underside of the body and possess a poison gland in the tail.
• Countershading helps to camouflage
• Chimeras lack scales and have a large head with big eyes

Class Osteichthyes

• Bony fish
• Live in fresh water, brackish estuaries, and marine water
• Covered in scales
• Scales offer protection, slime production, lower friction, repel parasites, mate attraction, indicate warning, deter predators, and assist in predator/prey attraction.
• May contain non-venomous thorns
• Light but strong endoskeleton
• The skeleton includes a skull, spine, and fins
• Pair fins (pectoral and pelvic)
• Non-pair fins (dorsal, caudal, and anal)
• Organisms have gills supported by cartilaginous or bony support, which are covered by an operculum.
• Organisms contain lateral fine receptors under scales that are used to sense vibrations, predator and prey movement, water pressure changes and water currents
• A swim bladder is used to manipulate gases for buoyancy
• Perform external fertilization called spawning
• Marine fish eggs float as plankton, and caviar is harvested.
• Some take care of their eggs
• Sex may be differentiated or have a change in sex

Class Amphibians

• Exhibits both terrestrial and aquatic characteristics
• First terrestrial chordates, but bound to water in reproduction.
• Tetrapodous
• Has limbs that evolved from pectoral and pelvic fins
• Four fingers on the front and five on the back.
• Notochord replaced by vertebrae
• Thin skin used for breathing
• Soft skin with mucous/colored glands that can be shed.
• Many can contain venom glands and lack scales
• Vertebral column has four sections cervical, thoracic, sacral and caudal
• Exhibits a urostyl, which is a fusion of sacral and caudal vertebrae into a rod-like structure
• Includes ribs and sternum
• Segmented musculature segments include head, neck, thoracic, abdominal, dorsal, and limbic muscles.
• The digestive system is simple and short, frog is a long and sticky tongue and parts includes Oral Cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and cloaca
• Amphibians breath by swallowing air, through gills when a larvae, though the lungs and sometimes though the skin
• The heart has 3 chambers with Two Atria and 1 Ventricle.
• Contains pulmonary circulation.
• CNS is made of brain and spinal chord
• The brain has 5 basic units; hindbrain (processes incoming/outgoing signals among body, spinal cord and cerebrum) - Diencephalon forebrain (processes sensory information and controls hunger, thirst, etc) Mid-brain (vision hearing motor control sleep wakefulness)
• Sensory system relies on sharp visions
• Exhibits a very sensitive sense of hearing and Jacobs organ( olfactory organs)
• Amphibians process lymphatic system
• They have kidney to flow waste out.
• Amphibians are gonochorists or ovaries/testes
• External fertilization
• The divisions 3 order caudata, anurs and gymnophiona

Class Reptilia

• Reptiles have completed their transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial life.
• Reptiles are cold-blooded animals
• Exhibits two sources one from reptiles one from amniotes
• Reptiles has dry scales skins
• 4 section vertebral column: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Caudal
• No breast bone

Class Aves

• Birds evolved from reptiles around 150 million years ago.
• They are bipedal (possessing two limbs) and endothermic (maintaining a constant body temperature).
• Adapted for flight, some skilled swimmers and divers
• Bird bodies are typically light but strong, consisting of a head, trunk, and limbs.
• Front limbs are transformed into wings.
• Skin is dry
• A singular uropygial gland opens dorsally at the base of the tail feathers, secreting an oily fluid for preening.
• Unique feathers serve multiple functions, including enabling flight and providing insulation
• Plumage
• Most birds have flight “Flitky, larger parts
• They may differ for for species

Class Mammalia

• Evolved from reptiles
• Endothermic, body temperatures between 36 - 38°C
• Possess mammary glands and hairs on its body
• Exhibits a lot of instinct generally for surviving
• Can be divided into three classes - prototheria "lay eggs", marsupialia "born in pouch". palcentalia "placenta"
• Contains all body structures

I can summarize more if I have access to more data