COPY: Detection of Diseases: COVID-19 Testing

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What is the primary purpose of the ELISA technique described?

To amplify nucleic acids for detection

To separate proteins based on their charge

To detect specific viral antigens in a patient sample (correct)

To determine the size of proteins in a sample

Which step in the Western blotting process is crucial for the specific detection of the target protein?

Exposing the membrane to a specific antibody (correct)

Washing the membrane with buffer solution

Transferring proteins to a membrane

Separation of the proteins using gel electrophoresis

What mechanism does PCR utilize to detect nucleic acids?

Hybridization of antibodies with proteins

Electrophoresis for size separation

Amplification of specific DNA sequences (correct)

Colorimetric detection of proteins

What advantage do rapid tests provide in the context of detecting viral infections?

They provide immediate results without laboratory equipment. Signup and view all the answers

In an ELISA test, what happens after the addition of enzyme-bound secondary antibodies?

A color change occurs due to the substrate addition. Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmed by the presence of the red line at the Control Line in an antigen rapid test?

The test is valid and worked properly. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the red line at the Control Line does not appear during an antibody test?

The entire test is deemed invalid. Signup and view all the answers

In the process of RT-PCR, what is the first step after RNA extraction?

Reverse transcription. Signup and view all the answers

How does a TaqMan probe function in real-time PCR?

It releases fluorescent signals upon degradation during PCR. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes rapid tests like antigen tests?

Results can be seen with the naked eye within 15 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

During the RT-PCR process, what role does the Taq polymerase play in the assay?

It ensures the degradation of the TaqMan probe. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of primer annealing during PCR amplification?

To allow primers to bind to the target DNA. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nucleic acid detection, what is cDNA?

Complementary DNA synthesized from RNA. Signup and view all the answers

What does the control line in a test kit indicate?

The test kit has not expired Signup and view all the answers

Which component in the test kits binds to the Covid-19 IgG or IgM?

Mouse Anti-Human IgM or IgG antibody Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of Antigen Rapid Tests for COVID-19 detection?

They simplify the testing process for home use Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction do antigen rapid tests primarily rely on?

Immunological antigen-antibody interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily responsible for maintaining the stability of the sample in the test kit?

Buffer solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Gold-Rabbit IgG conjugate in the test kits?

To move along the liquid and bind to anti-rabbit IgG Signup and view all the answers

In the test process, what happens if the patient's sample contains the virus?

Red lines will appear on the corresponding M or G line Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not contribute to the action of antigen rapid tests?

Complex laboratory analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which shape of bacteria is classified as 'cocci'?

Spherical Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method by which pathogenic bacteria cause disease?

Releasing toxins into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of bacteria?

Causing food poisoning Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do viruses lack compared to living organisms?

Ability to reproduce on their own Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bacteria in human health?

Digesting food and making vitamins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is commonly caused by bacteria?

Cholera Signup and view all the answers

What component do bacteria have that makes up their cell wall?

Peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers

What process describes how nitrogen-fixing bacteria support plant life?

Changing nitrogen gas into ammonia Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of antibiotic use in bacteria?

Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is NOT utilized by antivirals to combat viral infections?

Killing the virus permanently Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of vaccines in infectious disease prevention?

Stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a true zone of inhibition in antibiotic testing?

A clear, large area with minimal bacterial growth Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral drug is specifically used to treat the flu virus?

Zanamivir Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of both antibiotic and antiviral resistance?

Resistance can lead to ineffective treatments Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when an antiviral only shortens symptoms by 1-2 days?

It does not provide a long-term solution to the infection Signup and view all the answers

How do vaccines allow the body to respond effectively to future infections?

By tricking the immune system to recognize pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of the lytic cycle in viral replication?

The host cell is killed and bursts, releasing new viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Which process differentiates the lysogenic cycle from the lytic cycle?

The viral nucleic acid integrates into the host's chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic material do all viruses possess at their core?

Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) Signup and view all the answers

How do antibiotics function in the treatment of infections?

They kill only bacteria and do not affect viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?

Chickenpox Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the viral structure is true?

All viruses possess a protein coat called a capsid. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of antivirals in treating infections?

To specifically inhibit the replication of viruses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a characteristic of the lysogenic cycle?

Formation of a provirus that replicates with the host cell. Signup and view all the answers