Descriptive Statistics: Summarizing Data

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following most accurately describes the impact of Jane Goodall's long-term chimpanzee research?

It primarily focused on disproving earlier theories about primate behavior, leading to a complete rejection of previous scientific findings.
It reinforced existing beliefs about the fundamental differences between humans and chimpanzees, confirming the unique status of humans in the animal kingdom.
It revolutionized the understanding of chimpanzee behavior, revealing unexpected similarities with human social structures and emotional expressions, influencing both scientific and conservation efforts. (correct)
It solely aimed to establish chimpanzees as creatures deserving of conservation efforts, overshadowing any scientific contributions to understanding primate behavior.

How did Louis Leakey's support influence Jane Goodall's early career?

Leakey connected Goodall with established scientists in the field, enabling her to co-author influential publications that immediately established her credibility.
Leakey recognized Goodall's potential and secured funding for her initial chimpanzee behavior study, as well as arranging for her study of primate anatomy and behavior in London. (correct)
Leakey facilitated Goodall's formal education in primatology, ensuring she obtained the necessary academic credentials before commencing field research.
Leakey primarily provided logistical support, arranging transportation and accommodation for Goodall's initial six-month study in Tanzania.

The discovery that chimpanzees are omnivorous and engage in cooperative hunting and warfare challenged what prior assumption?

That primates generally lacked the capacity for tool use.
That such complex behaviors were exclusive to humans. (correct)
That chimpanzees were primarily solitary creatures with limited social interaction.
That chimpanzees' dietary habits were limited to vegetation and insects.

What is the most significant contribution of the Jane Goodall Institute, founded in 1977?

<p>Serving as a global organization promoting conservation, education, and chimpanzee protection. (B)</p>

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What factors contributed to Jane Goodall's acceptance into the chimpanzee community she studied?

<p>Her patience, tenacity, and empathy, allowing her to gradually overcome initial rejection. (B)</p>

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Flashcards

Who is Jane Goodall?

British primatologist, expert on chimpanzees, her study lasted more than 55 years.

When did Goodall begin studying chimpanzees?

In 1960, Jane Goodall began a 6-month trip to Tanzania. She studied chimpanzee families and researched their behavior.

What does Goodall's research reveal?

Goodall overcame initial animal rejection with patience, tenacity, and empathy, leading to decades of research, revealing chimpanzee personalities, emotions, and social behaviors.

Chimpanzee Traits

Chimpanzees are omnivorous, hunt cooperatively, and wage war, similar to humans in emotions, intelligence, and social structure.

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Jane Goodall Institute

Founded in 1977, promotes conservation and is a global leader in protecting chimpanzees and their environments.

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Study Notes

Descriptive statistics summarizes, organizes, and presents data informatively.
Its main purpose is to describe the key characteristics of a dataset.
No inferences are made about a larger population.

Types of Variables

Qualitative variables cannot be measured numerically.
- Nominal variables are categories without order, like eye color.
- Ordinal variables are categories with order, such as satisfaction level.
Quantitative variables can be measured numerically.
- Discrete variables are whole numbers, such as the number of children.
- Continuous variables include decimal values, like height and weight.

Measures of Central Tendency

Arithmetic Mean: The average of the data, calculated as $\bar{x} = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i}{n}$.
Median: The central value of the ordered data.
Mode: The value that appears most frequently.

Measures of Dispersion

Range: The difference between the maximum and minimum values.
Variance: The average of the squared differences from each data point to the mean, $\sigma^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i - \bar{x})^2}{n}$.
Standard Deviation: The square root of the variance, $\sigma = \sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i - \bar{x})^2}{n}}$.