Dermatologicals and Drug Formulation Quiz

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug must be soluble in both water and lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhance skin cell growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semi-solid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chapstick (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substances added to a formulation to improve stability or enhance delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syneresis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of a medication to penetrate the skin and reach its target site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fluid's viscosity increases with increased shear rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plastic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>W/O emulsion bases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fluid exhibits a constant viscosity regardless of the applied stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thixotropy describes an increase in viscosity with time under shear, while negative thixotropy describes a decrease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide greater occlusion and emollient effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It always requires the use of a chemical stabilizer to prevent separation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed action drug release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudoplastic flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity regardless of the applied stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The solubility of the drug in the base. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oil-in-water(o/w) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A good ointment base should be able to withstand significant fluctuations in temperature without altering its physical properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physico-chemically more stable than solid dosage forms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gritty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoids first-pass metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The base itself is thick and difficult to spread. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe burns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Possesses a high sensitization index. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can readily absorb water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water-soluble bases are more stable than liquid dosage forms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It could introduce bacteria into the formulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption bases have a higher capacity to absorb water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can cause irritation or allergic reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their high viscosity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aquaphor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycerin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce the thickness of the base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their sticky and greasy texture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transdermal pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transappendageal route (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipophilic drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug penetration is faster in the eyelids due to thinner skin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for a systemic effect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TDD avoids the first-pass effect, which can significantly reduce drug bioavailability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive diffusion through the skin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A patch for delivering scopolamine for motion sickness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TDD can be readily adjusted to suit the needs of the individual patient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TDD avoids the potential for drug interactions with food. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion through the stratum corneum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epidermis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcellular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rate-controlling membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases penetration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 &lt; LogP &lt; 3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are designed to release a consistent dose per unit area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 - 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability of the drug to cross the stratum corneum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keratin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug's ability to form a gel when applied to the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin hydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 - 800 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydration increases the permeability of the stratum corneum, allowing for easier passage of the drug. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keratinized tissue helps to form a protective barrier against external substances, slowing down drug absorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced dosing frequency (A), Self-administration (B), Greater patient compliance (C), More predictable and extended duration of activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Requires high drug load/concentration, limiting suitability for delivering large amounts of drug systemically (A), Most drugs have poor penetration through the skin and may fail to reach systemic circulation (B), Onset of action can be delayed, taking 24-48 hours or more (C), Potential for local irritation and poor adhesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides a protective barrier against external factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Faster onset of action compared to oral administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The individual's dietary habits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for targeted drug delivery to the skin, potentially minimizing systemic side effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of systemic side effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides slower drug delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particles are small enough to reach the alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient's previous medication history (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a settling velocity similar to a 5-micron spherical particle with a density of 1 g/cm3, facilitating its transport to the lower respiratory tract. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.8 to 3 µm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Stokes diameter is a measure of the particle's density, while the aerodynamic diameter reflects its settling velocity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particle shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<blockquote> <p>10 µm (D)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The viscosity of the air in the lungs significantly affects how particles settle and deposit in the respiratory tract. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps predict the rate at which a particle will settle in a fluid medium, specifically air in the lungs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>150 rem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>123I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>800 rem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vomiting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>123I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimal and short-lived activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Half-life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It will take a long time to decay, posing a potential radiation hazard for a significant period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent pharmacodynamic or toxicologic effects on organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide accurate measurements of the amount of radiation absorbed by the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gray (Gy) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a combination of the physical and biological half-lives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Technetium 99 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As Low As Reasonably Achievable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterile ingredients and a radioactive isotope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelosuppression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It combines radiation with immune-mediated cellular toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They show preferential uptake like iodine in the thyroid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adverse reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cannot penetrate the outer layers of skin or paper. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effective half-life considers biological elimination, while physical half-life does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>World Health Organization (WHO) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short wavelength with high penetrating ability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discovery of x-rays. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radioactivity is the process of emitting energy to achieve stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are used for imaging and therapeutic procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent contamination and spills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N = N0e^(-λt) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>28.0 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reduction of 25 mCi represents a decay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilize the equation N = N0e^{-λt} (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It impacts the speed at which the material disintegrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confirm that it is in a properly shielded container (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 ml (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Propylene glycol (A), Water for injection (B), Glycerin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colorants can increase the risk of particulate matter and allergic reactions, making them unsuitable for parenteral formulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cryoprotectants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous (IV) = Fastest Intramuscular (IM) = Intermediate Subcutaneous (SC) = Slowest</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid onset of action (A), Bypasses physiological barriers (B), Predictable bioavailability (C), Can be used for drugs ineffective by other routes (D), All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PVC Bags (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dry heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steam Sterilization = Suitable for preparations and materials that can withstand high temperatures and are not sensitive to moisture Dry Heat Sterilization = Effective for materials that can withstand high temperatures and do not need to be moistened Gas Sterilization = Used for heat-sensitive materials and can penetrate porous materials Radiation Sterilization = Kills microorganisms using ionizing radiation and is well-suited for heat-sensitive items</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expensive and potential introduction of micro-organisms/toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ineffective</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterile = Free from living microorganisms Bioavailability = The extent to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the systemic circulation Extravasation = Leakage of a drug from a vein into surrounding tissues Hemolysis = Rupture of red blood cells Thrombosis = Formation of a blood clot in a vein or artery Precipitation = Formation of a solid from a solution Osmolarity = The concentration of dissolved particles in a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug solubility (A), Partition coefficient (B), Ionization (C), Osmolarity (D), Sterilization (E), Excipient concentration (F), All of the above (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heparin sodium and insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 ml to 1 L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bathe, wash wounds or surgical incisions or body tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dry solid, sterile</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IV = Most rapid onset, complete bioavailability, bolus dosing or infusion IM = Easier administration than IV, slower onset but prolonged action Intradermal = Volumes up to 0.2 mL, absorption is slow Subcutaneous (SC) = Slower onset than IM, but fairly rapid and predictable absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintain optimal pH for stability and solubility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surfactants are used to improve drug solubility and aid in suspension formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chelating</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphoric acid = 2.1, 7.3, 12.3 Citric acid = 3.1, 4.8, 6.4 Lactic acid = 3.9 Glutamic acid = 2.11, 4.1, 9.5 Acetic acid = 4.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addition of a preservative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flow influences the rate of drug absorption and distribution, affecting the onset and duration of drug action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential for product damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filter sterilization is the preferred method for sterilizing delicate proteins and other biomolecules as it minimizes the risk of damage compared to other methods like heat sterilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.22 micron, filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat Sterilization = Effective for heat-stable preparations, powders, and oils, but can damage heat-sensitive products. Filter Sterilization = Gentle method suitable for thermolabile and moisture-sensitive substances, however, may not remove all microbes. Gas Sterilization (Ethylene Oxide) = Effective against all microbes, but can be slow, expensive and pose safety hazards due to flammability and toxicity Radiation Sterilization = Suitable for sterilizing articles not sterilizable by other methods, such as syringes and catheters, but can cause destruction of some products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The separation of liquid from a gel-like substance, typically seen in semi-solids.

The process in which a material increases in volume when it absorbs moisture or solvent.

The absorption of liquid by a solid or gel, leading to swelling and changes in properties.

A state of matter that holds its shape when not disturbed, found in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Products that protect skin, enhance hydration, and serve as medication transport vehicles.

Categories of semi-solids include creams, gels, ointments, and pastes, often containing active ingredients.

The degree to which a drug or substance is absorbed into the bloodstream from the application site.

Indicators that a semi-solid formulation has changed, potentially affecting its efficacy and safety.

Alteration in the texture or appearance of a formulation, such as ointments or creams.

Includes ointments, creams, lotions, and pastes used for topical application.

Effectiveness of a drug depends on properties of the drug and the vehicle used, as well as skin condition.

Changes like separation or discoloration due to instability or contamination in formulations.

Need for drugs to dissolve in both water and fats for effective skin absorption.

A type of fluid whose viscosity changes under stress, unlike Newtonian fluids.

No flow occurs until a specific shear stress is applied; exemplified by ointments.

A time-dependent shear-thinning property where a viscous substance becomes less viscous when agitated.

A phenomenon where a fluid becomes more viscous with prolonged shear or agitation.

Semisolid preparations classified by their composition, used for topical application.

Bases that dissolve in water and may contain active drugs for topical application.

Benefits include site-specific action and avoiding first-pass metabolism.

Drawbacks include possible staining and being bulky to handle.

Ointments should be smooth, non-dehydrating, and easy to spread.

The process where a drug's effectiveness is reduced after passing through the liver before entering circulation.

Ointments can treat minor skin infections, burns, and rashes.

The physical size of water-soluble bases can make them inconvenient to use.

Water-soluble bases may be less stable than solid forms like tablets.

Decomposition of a base causing off-flavors or smells due to oxidation.

Ointment bases that are oily and provide occlusion and emollient effects.

Mixes of immiscible liquids, like oil and water; can be o/w or w/o.

Stable systems formed by mixing oil and water in specific ratios, appears clear.

Type of flow where viscosity decreases with increased shear stress, common in creams.

A flow type where viscosity increases with applied stress, making it thicker.

The ability of a base to create a barrier on the skin to prevent moisture loss.

Ability of cream to maintain its properties under temperature changes.

Characteristics include being hydrophobic, difficult to spread, and poor drug release efficacy.

Bases that can absorb water and have characteristics between oleaginous and water-in-oil bases.

A specific absorption base containing 41% petrolatum, capable of absorbing up to 3 times its weight in water.

Water-in-oil emulsion bases that contain a greater proportion of oil, giving them a greasy feel.

Semisolids exhibit plastic flow, becoming more viscous with constant application.

Viscosity refers to the resistance of a liquid to flow, impacting application ease and drug release.

Indicates minimal likelihood of causing irritation or allergic reactions in topical applications.

Protects the body, regulates temperature, and contains internal organs.

A method delivering medication through the skin for systemic effect.

Rapid drug effect termination and avoids first pass metabolism, enhancing absorption.

The first patch, Scopalmine for motion sickness, approved in 1979.

Factors affecting drug absorption include pH, interactions, and irritation in the GI tract.

The major layers include the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer.

The slowest step in the process that limits the overall rate of transdermal drug delivery.

Methods of drug movement: transcellular, intercellular, and transappendageal.

Roles include drug reservoir, adhesive, and backing layer.

Dissolution controlled implants release drug via solubility; diffusion controlled releases via concentration gradient.

A measure of a drug's polarity; ideal values determine absorption efficiency.

The process of drug absorption through the skin layers.

Some patches can be cut, others can't; generally, hydrogel patches can be cut whereas matrix patches cannot.

Refers to the impact of substances on the outer skin layer, like moisturizers and salicylic acid.

Drug transport route through skin's appendages like hair follicles and sweat glands.

Limited route for drug transport through skin cells, mainly for lipophilic drugs.

The thickness of the epidermis varies from 0.05 mm on eyelids to 1.5 mm on palms and soles.

Layer beneath the skin that contributes to systemic drug effects requiring deeper penetration.

Relating to the space between cells, important for drug placement.

A measure indicating the lipophilicity or hydrophilicity of drugs; ideal range is 1-3 for TDD.

The outermost layer of skin, acts as a barrier for drug penetration.

Key features include drug concentration, surface area, solubility, and molecular weight.

Factors affecting drug absorption include hydration, temperature, and molecular weight.

The amount of drug present in a patch, influencing absorption rate.

A method that does not require breaking the skin or causing physical damage.

The ability of a drug to pass through the skin layers to reach systemic circulation.

A property allowing drugs to provide effects over a longer period.

The degree to which patients follow prescribed treatment regimens.

The time it takes for a drug to start showing effects after administration.

Skin discomfort or reaction at the site of drug application.

A requirement for a significant amount of drug to achieve desired effects in systemic circulation.

The three main layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

Size of a sphere with the same settling velocity as a particle.

Rate at which particles settle in a fluid, influenced by size and density.

Diameter of a sphere matching a particle's density and settling speed.

Sizes of aerosol particles suited for specific regions of the respiratory tract.

Ideal size for effective nasal delivery is greater than 10 µm.

Best inhaled particle size is 2 to 5 µm for deep lung penetration.

Ideal particle size for delivering drugs to terminal airways is 0.8 to 3 µm.

Includes physicochemical properties, anatomy, and delivery device.

Administration of drugs via inhalation to achieve local or systemic effects.

MDI (Metered Dose Inhaler) uses propellant; DPI (Dry Powder Inhaler) relies on inhalation.

Rapid action, reduced side effects, bypasses GI tract.

Drugs delivered to the action site, lower doses needed, rapid onset.

Difficult dose estimation, technique guidance needed, mucus can hinder delivery.

The body's mechanism to remove mucus and debris from the lungs.

Includes trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli for air passage and gas exchange.

Inhaled drugs go directly to lungs, minimizing systemic absorption.

An agent used for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures involving radiation.

Includes alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, each with different penetrating abilities.

Radiation that cannot penetrate skin but can damage nearby tissues.

Radiation with medium penetrability, useful therapeutically.

Highly penetrating radiation, often used in medical imaging.

The time it takes for the activity of a radioactive substance to reduce to half, accounting for biological processes.

Time required for half of a radioactive material to decay.

Time taken for the body to eliminate half of a substance through biological means.

The time it takes for half of radioactive atoms to decay.

A unit measuring radioactivity; 1 Ci equals 3.7 x 10^10 disintegrations per second.

The SI unit of radioactivity; 1 Bq equals 1 disintegration per second.

A unit measuring absorbed radiation dose in tissue.

'As Low As Reasonably Achievable' to minimize radiation exposure.

Delivery method for radionuclide to targets or increase stability.

Most commonly used radioisotope for cancer diagnosis.

Combines radiation and immune response for cancer treatment.

Prepacked set of ingredients for compound production in radiopharmacy.

Main side effect of radioimmunotherapy, often reversible.

A unit that measures radioactivity or activity of a radioactive substance.

The SI unit that measures the activity of a radioactive material, equal to one disintegration per second.

The lethal dose of radiation that kills 50% of a population in 60 days, assuming minimal care.

Biological effects that increase in severity with the amount of radiation exposure.

A radioactive isotope used in medical applications for imaging or therapy.

The time required for a radionuclide to decay to 50% of its original activity.

The constant that represents the rate of decay for a radionuclide in the decay equation.

Formula N=Noe-λt calculates the activity remaining of a radionuclide.

A measure of the probability of decay of a radionuclide per unit time.

Ensure safe handling of radioactive materials in properly shielded containers to prevent contamination.

Preparations intended for injection through skin or tissue, bypassing the GI tract.

Substances that induce fever, must be avoided in parenteral preparations.

Parenteral drugs must be isotonic, sterile, and free from particulates.

A freeze-drying process used to preserve drugs by removing water content.

Substances used to protect biological samples during freezing.

Natural obstacles that drugs face during absorption, like skin and liver.

Benefits include rapid onset, predictable bioavailability, and usability in unconscious patients.

Drawbacks include cost, sterility requirements, and patient discomfort.

The ability of a drug to dissolve, impacting absorption and formulation.

IV solutions used for fluid and electrolyte replenishment or nutrition.

Vials or syringes of drugs, typically 2 to 30 ml, for specific therapies.

The formation of blood clots in blood vessels, a risk from parenteral routes.

The amount of inactive substances in a drug formulation; can influence stability.

A method that removes most bacteria and particles but allows viruses to pass.

Uses ethylene oxide to disrupt DNA of microorganisms; suitable for heat-sensitive materials.

Used for items not sterilizable by other methods; can affect product structure.

Maintaining sterility from the initial stages of production; may be costly.

Preferred sterilization method for delicate proteins; ensures product safety.

Substances added to maintain pH for solubility and stability in parenterals.

Substances that improve solubility and prevent hydrolysis in drug formulations.

Agents that improve solubility and help in the suspension of drugs.

A modified drug form that alters solubility or action duration.

Substances that remove trace elements to prevent oxidative degeneration.

The pathway through which drugs enter the body, greatly influencing absorption.

Fatty tissues influence plasma drug levels post-injection.

Materials of containers that can interact with drug solutions.

Procedures to prevent contamination in sterile environments.

Method using steam at high temperature for sterilizing preparations.

Sterilization method using hot air at high temperatures.

Measures to maintain a sterile manufacturing environment.

Pharmaceuticals must retain container type after FDA approval.

Large volume sterile solutions used in dialysis, typically between 2.5 L to 5 L.

Used to wash or bathe tissues, typically not sterile for wound use.

Dry, sterile solids needing a diluent to create solutions or suspensions.

Drugs preserved by freezing and removing water to create a dry powder.

Intravenous method allowing rapid onset and complete drug bioavailability.

Intramuscular method for slower drug absorption but longer action.

Injection method under the skin allowing steady absorption.

Injection method into the skin, used for diagnostic tests.