Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which imaging technique is primarily used for examining ocular and orbital structures?
Which imaging technique is primarily used for examining ocular and orbital structures?
What advantage does Computed Tomography offer in imaging?
What advantage does Computed Tomography offer in imaging?
Which of the following is NOT considered an abnormal finding on head radiography?
Which of the following is NOT considered an abnormal finding on head radiography?
What condition is indicated by a periosteal reaction on the mandibles?
What condition is indicated by a periosteal reaction on the mandibles?
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Which imaging technique is recognized for its superior soft tissue imaging?
Which imaging technique is recognized for its superior soft tissue imaging?
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What does a change in bullae potentially indicate?
What does a change in bullae potentially indicate?
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Which of the following is NOT an indication for dental radiography?
Which of the following is NOT an indication for dental radiography?
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What adjustment should be made if the image appears foreshortened or elongated?
What adjustment should be made if the image appears foreshortened or elongated?
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Which technique is used in dental radiography to obtain better image resolution?
Which technique is used in dental radiography to obtain better image resolution?
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Which of the following actions would correct a cone cut in radiographic imaging?
Which of the following actions would correct a cone cut in radiographic imaging?
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Which part of the tooth typically shows as radiolucent on an X-ray?
Which part of the tooth typically shows as radiolucent on an X-ray?
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What indicates a potential lesion when visual and tactile examinations are inconclusive?
What indicates a potential lesion when visual and tactile examinations are inconclusive?
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What is the structural relationship of alveolar bone height in relation to the tooth?
What is the structural relationship of alveolar bone height in relation to the tooth?
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Which radiographic characteristic is associated with periodontal ligament space?
Which radiographic characteristic is associated with periodontal ligament space?
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What is commonly observed in the gingiva over a lesion associated with Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions?
What is commonly observed in the gingiva over a lesion associated with Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions?
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What is a primary indication for conducting head radiography?
What is a primary indication for conducting head radiography?
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Which skull type is characterized by a long nose?
Which skull type is characterized by a long nose?
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Which positioning is used for assessing the tympanic bullae in dogs?
Which positioning is used for assessing the tympanic bullae in dogs?
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What is NOT an indication for head radiography?
What is NOT an indication for head radiography?
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Which of the following describes the radiographic appearance of a brachycephalic head?
Which of the following describes the radiographic appearance of a brachycephalic head?
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For which condition might you require a ventrodorsal intra-oral view?
For which condition might you require a ventrodorsal intra-oral view?
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Which radiographic position is best for a lesion-oriented view of a swelling?
Which radiographic position is best for a lesion-oriented view of a swelling?
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What aspect can confound the interpretation of radiographic films of the head and neck?
What aspect can confound the interpretation of radiographic films of the head and neck?
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What is indicated by an enlarged periodontal ligament space around the roots?
What is indicated by an enlarged periodontal ligament space around the roots?
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Which view is required to accurately evaluate the spinal area suspected of pathology?
Which view is required to accurately evaluate the spinal area suspected of pathology?
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What is the primary purpose of applying foam wedges during radiography of the spine?
What is the primary purpose of applying foam wedges during radiography of the spine?
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Which of the following points is used as a centring point for upper cervical spine imaging?
Which of the following points is used as a centring point for upper cervical spine imaging?
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What is a common finding in intervertebral disc disease?
What is a common finding in intervertebral disc disease?
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Which imaging technique is particularly useful for evaluating soft tissue contrast in spinal issues?
Which imaging technique is particularly useful for evaluating soft tissue contrast in spinal issues?
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In which area is Hansen Type I disc extrusion commonly observed?
In which area is Hansen Type I disc extrusion commonly observed?
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What is a notable risk associated with myelography?
What is a notable risk associated with myelography?
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Which of the following is NOT a good characteristic of lateral views in spinal radiography?
Which of the following is NOT a good characteristic of lateral views in spinal radiography?
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What is the centring point used for the thoracolumbar junction during radiography?
What is the centring point used for the thoracolumbar junction during radiography?
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Study Notes
Head, Neck and Spine Radiography
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Learning Objectives:
- Describe positioning for common small animal species for interpretable radiographic views of the head, neck, and spine, including dental radiography.
- Describe the number and type of radiographic views for achieving diagnostic quality films for various conditions and apply this to common examples.
- Identify and recognize aspects of radiographic views that may confuse or prevent interpretation of films, related to the head and neck.
Head Radiography - Indications
- Deformity, swelling, or discharging sinus
- Trauma
- Ear disease
- Exophthalmos or Horner's syndrome
- Pain in the head area
- Problems with jaw mobility
- Nasal or nasopharyngeal disease
- Dental disease
Radiographic Appearance of the Head
- Varies by skull type (Dolichocephalic, Mesaticephalic, Brachycephalic)
Brachycephalic (Short-nosed) Skull
- Crowding of teeth
- Reduced frontal sinus
- Lack of occipital crest
- Small, thick-walled tympanic bullae
- Curved, elongated mandible
- Increased soft palate
Radiographic Positions - Special Views
- Oblique lateral views: Lesion-oriented view of swelling
- Dorsoventral intra-oral: Ramus of mandible, mandibular teeth
- Ventrodorsal intra-oral: Nasal cavities more caudally and laterally
- Ventral 20° rostral-dorsocaudal oblique: Nasal cavities
- Rostrocaudal open mouth: Tympanic bullae (dog)
- Rostral 10° ventral-caudodorsal oblique: Tympanic bullae (cat)
- Rostrocaudal and caudodorsal closed mouth: Skyline calvarium and frontal sinus
Alternative Imaging Techniques
- Ultrasonography - Ocular and Orbital Structures: Used to evaluate ocular and orbital structures, including the cornea, lens, and vitreous chamber.
- Computed Tomography (CT): Evaluates bony structures, reconstructs 3D images.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Offers superior soft tissue imaging.
Abnormal Findings on Head Radiography
- Fractures (cranium, maxillae, mandible, zygomatic arch)
- Congenital/Developmental conditions (hydrocephalus)
- Neoplasia (cranium, maxillae, mandible)
- Craniomandibular osteotomy
- Periosteal reaction on mandibles, tympanic bullae
- Ear disease (changes in bullae may indicate ear disease)
- Radiography insensitive
Dental Radiography
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Equipment
- X-ray machine with fixed kV and MA
- Specific dental plates and processor for improved image resolution
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Indications
- Dental trauma
- Jaw fractures
- Anodontia (absence of teeth)
- Retained deciduous dentition
- Periodontal disease
- Endodontic disease
- Extraction of teeth
- Malocclusions
- Nasal discharge
- Swellings, cysts, neoplasms
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Dental Radiography - Bisecting Angle Technique: (Diagram)
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Dental Radiography - Standard Views: (Diagram)
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Three simple rules for positioning:
- Adjust tube angle for foreshortened or elongated images.
- Adjust beam position for cone cut.
- Adjust film position for cone cut.
Dental Radiography - Interpretation
- Enamel
- Dentine
- Pulp cavity
- Alveolar bone
- Lamina dura
- Periodontal ligament space
- Mandibular canal
- Alveolar bone height (extends to just below enamel/cemetnum junction)
Neck and Spine Radiography
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Indications:
- Mono-, para-, and quadriplegia
- Paresis or paraparesis
- Ataxia
- Spinal pain
- Stiffness
- Suspected vertebral deformities
- Sinus tracts in the lumbar region
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Standard Views (Lateral and Ventrodorsal): Includes positioning instructions using foam wedges to prevent rotation of the spine.
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Centering Points: Specific anatomical locations for centering the X-ray beam for clarity.
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Evaluation of a spinal radiograph: Includes analysis of vertebral alignment, vertebral body characteristics, intervertebral disc space, intervertebral foramina, and surrounding soft tissues.
Intervertebral disc disease
- Calcified disc material in the intervertebral disc space (location: T12-L3)
- Radiography and MRI may be required to see subtle changes
Advanced Imaging Techniques (Myelography, MRI, CT)
- Myelography: Contrast injected into the subarachnoid space; needs plain films first, risk of seizures
- MRI: Excellent soft-tissue contrast
- CT: Sensitive for subtle bone changes, can identify disc mineralizations, can be combined with CT myelography.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various imaging techniques used in dental radiography. This quiz covers important topics such as the advantages of Computed Tomography, identifying abnormal findings, and understanding the structural relationships in dental imaging. Perfect for dental students and professionals alike!
