Dental Radiography Techniques Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which imaging technique is primarily used for examining ocular and orbital structures?

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Positron Emission Tomography
  • Computed Tomography
  • Ultrasonography (correct)

What advantage does Computed Tomography offer in imaging?

  • Detects fractures in soft tissues
  • Provides the best resolution for soft tissues
  • Can re-create 3D images (correct)
  • Used primarily for brain imaging

Which of the following is NOT considered an abnormal finding on head radiography?

  • Fractures of the cranium
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Normal sinus structures (correct)
  • Neoplasia in the mandible

What condition is indicated by a periosteal reaction on the mandibles?

<p>Craniomandibular osteotomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is recognized for its superior soft tissue imaging?

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a change in bullae potentially indicate?

<p>Ear disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an indication for dental radiography?

<p>Ear infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment should be made if the image appears foreshortened or elongated?

<p>Adjust the tube angle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used in dental radiography to obtain better image resolution?

<p>Using specific dental plates and processor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would correct a cone cut in radiographic imaging?

<p>Move the beam toward the area of the cone cut (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tooth typically shows as radiolucent on an X-ray?

<p>Pulp cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a potential lesion when visual and tactile examinations are inconclusive?

<p>Radiographic examination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural relationship of alveolar bone height in relation to the tooth?

<p>It should extend to just below the enamel/cementum junction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which radiographic characteristic is associated with periodontal ligament space?

<p>Radiolucent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly observed in the gingiva over a lesion associated with Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions?

<p>Inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary indication for conducting head radiography?

<p>Pain in the head area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skull type is characterized by a long nose?

<p>Dolichocephalic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which positioning is used for assessing the tympanic bullae in dogs?

<p>Rostrocaudal open mouth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT an indication for head radiography?

<p>Heart murmur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the radiographic appearance of a brachycephalic head?

<p>Reduced frontal sinus (B), Increased soft palate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which condition might you require a ventrodorsal intra-oral view?

<p>Nasal cavities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which radiographic position is best for a lesion-oriented view of a swelling?

<p>Oblique lateral views (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect can confound the interpretation of radiographic films of the head and neck?

<p>Crowding of teeth (A), Nasal diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by an enlarged periodontal ligament space around the roots?

<p>Marked vertical bone loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which view is required to accurately evaluate the spinal area suspected of pathology?

<p>Orthogonal views (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of applying foam wedges during radiography of the spine?

<p>To prevent rotation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following points is used as a centring point for upper cervical spine imaging?

<p>C2-C3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common finding in intervertebral disc disease?

<p>Calcified disc material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is particularly useful for evaluating soft tissue contrast in spinal issues?

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area is Hansen Type I disc extrusion commonly observed?

<p>T12-L3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable risk associated with myelography?

<p>Seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a good characteristic of lateral views in spinal radiography?

<p>Distorted disc spaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the centring point used for the thoracolumbar junction during radiography?

<p>T13-L1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ocular Ultrasonography

Sound waves are used to create images of the eye and its surrounding structures.

Computed Tomography (CT)

A technique that utilizes X-rays to create detailed images of bones.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A powerful imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to create images, particularly adept at visualizing soft tissues.

Hydrocephalus

A condition in which there is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain.

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Craniomandibular Osteotomy

A surgical procedure that modifies the mandible (jawbone) to correct bite problems.

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Dental Radiography

X-rays are used to capture images of teeth and surrounding structures.

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Bisecting Angle Technique

A technique used to take dental X-ray images. The X-ray beam is directed at a 90-degree angle to the tooth.

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Dental Radiography - Standard Views

Types of dental X-rays used to evaluate specific areas of the mouth.

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Positioning Errors in Dental Radiography

The appearance of the X-ray image can change depending on the angle of the X-ray beam.

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Anodontia

The absence of teeth.

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Head, neck, and spine radiography

Radiographic imaging of the head, neck, and spine. It helps in diagnosing and understanding various conditions related to these areas.

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Radiographic appearance of the head

Radiographic views of the head vary depending on the dog's skull shape, which can be classified as dolichocephalic (long-nosed), mesaticephalic (medium-nosed), or brachycephalic (short-nosed).

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Oblique lateral view

A specific view of the skull that helps visualize a lesion or swelling in a more targeted way by angling the X-ray beam.

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Dorsoventral intra-oral view

An X-ray taken through the mouth that provides details of the nasal cavities.

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Ventrodorsal intra-oral view

An X-ray taken through the mouth that provides a view of the mandibular teeth and ramus.

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Rostrocaudal open mouth view

A specific view of the skull that provides a better view of the tympanic bullae in dogs.

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Rostral 10° ventral-caudodorsal oblique view

A specific view of the skull that provides a better view of the tympanic bullae in cats.

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Rostrocaudal and caudodorsal closed mouth views

Specific radiographic views of the head that provide details of the frontal sinus and the skyline of the cranial bones.

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FORL (Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions)

A dental condition affecting cats, characterized by resorption of tooth structure, often leading to tooth loss. It typically involves inflamed gums at the site of the lesion, and radiography is crucial for diagnosis.

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Enamel

The layer of hard, protective tissue that covers the outer surface of a tooth.

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Dentine

The dense, calcified tissue that forms the bulk of a tooth, lying beneath the enamel.

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Pulp Cavity (radiolucent)

The central cavity within a tooth that houses the pulp, containing blood vessels and nerves.

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Alveolar bone

The bony socket that surrounds and supports the tooth root. Its radiopaque appearance on X-rays indicates healthy bone structure.

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Enlarged Periodontal Ligament Space

Enlargement of the space surrounding the tooth root, often due to significant bone loss. This can occur in the periodontal ligament space.

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Loss of Bone at Furcation

A radiographic sign of bone loss between the roots of a multi-rooted tooth. It is a serious sign of periodontal disease.

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Vertebral Deformities

An abnormal curvature of the spine, can be congenital or acquired, leading to spinal cord compression and neurological deficits.

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Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)

A general term for various conditions affecting the intervertebral discs between vertebrae in the spine. It can involve disc degeneration, protrusion, or herniation and lead to pain and neurological signs.

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Intervertebral Disc Space

The space between two adjacent vertebrae where an intervertebral disc resides. Changes in its width or appearance can indicate disc problems.

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Myelography

A contrast medium injected into the subarachnoid space, allowing visualization of the spinal canal and nerve roots on radiographs. It helps diagnose IVDD and other spinal conditions.

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Ventrodorsal (VD) View

Radiographic views of the spine taken from the front, where the X-ray beam passes through the animal's back and exits the chest.

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Lateral View

Radiographic views of the spine taken from the side, where the X-ray beam passes through the animal's side from head to tail.

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Study Notes

Head, Neck and Spine Radiography

  • Learning Objectives:
    • Describe positioning for common small animal species for interpretable radiographic views of the head, neck, and spine, including dental radiography.
    • Describe the number and type of radiographic views for achieving diagnostic quality films for various conditions and apply this to common examples.
    • Identify and recognize aspects of radiographic views that may confuse or prevent interpretation of films, related to the head and neck.

Head Radiography - Indications

  • Deformity, swelling, or discharging sinus
  • Trauma
  • Ear disease
  • Exophthalmos or Horner's syndrome
  • Pain in the head area
  • Problems with jaw mobility
  • Nasal or nasopharyngeal disease
  • Dental disease

Radiographic Appearance of the Head

  • Varies by skull type (Dolichocephalic, Mesaticephalic, Brachycephalic)

Brachycephalic (Short-nosed) Skull

  • Crowding of teeth
  • Reduced frontal sinus
  • Lack of occipital crest
  • Small, thick-walled tympanic bullae
  • Curved, elongated mandible
  • Increased soft palate

Radiographic Positions - Special Views

  • Oblique lateral views: Lesion-oriented view of swelling
  • Dorsoventral intra-oral: Ramus of mandible, mandibular teeth
  • Ventrodorsal intra-oral: Nasal cavities more caudally and laterally
  • Ventral 20° rostral-dorsocaudal oblique: Nasal cavities
  • Rostrocaudal open mouth: Tympanic bullae (dog)
  • Rostral 10° ventral-caudodorsal oblique: Tympanic bullae (cat)
  • Rostrocaudal and caudodorsal closed mouth: Skyline calvarium and frontal sinus

Alternative Imaging Techniques

  • Ultrasonography - Ocular and Orbital Structures: Used to evaluate ocular and orbital structures, including the cornea, lens, and vitreous chamber.
  • Computed Tomography (CT): Evaluates bony structures, reconstructs 3D images.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Offers superior soft tissue imaging.

Abnormal Findings on Head Radiography

  • Fractures (cranium, maxillae, mandible, zygomatic arch)
  • Congenital/Developmental conditions (hydrocephalus)
  • Neoplasia (cranium, maxillae, mandible)
  • Craniomandibular osteotomy
  • Periosteal reaction on mandibles, tympanic bullae
  • Ear disease (changes in bullae may indicate ear disease)
  • Radiography insensitive

Dental Radiography

  • Equipment

    • X-ray machine with fixed kV and MA
    • Specific dental plates and processor for improved image resolution

  • Indications

    • Dental trauma
    • Jaw fractures
    • Anodontia (absence of teeth)
    • Retained deciduous dentition
    • Periodontal disease
    • Endodontic disease
    • Extraction of teeth
    • Malocclusions
    • Nasal discharge
    • Swellings, cysts, neoplasms

  • Dental Radiography - Bisecting Angle Technique: (Diagram)

  • Dental Radiography - Standard Views: (Diagram)

  • Three simple rules for positioning:

    • Adjust tube angle for foreshortened or elongated images.
    • Adjust beam position for cone cut.
    • Adjust film position for cone cut.

Dental Radiography - Interpretation

  • Enamel
  • Dentine
  • Pulp cavity
  • Alveolar bone
  • Lamina dura
  • Periodontal ligament space
  • Mandibular canal
  • Alveolar bone height (extends to just below enamel/cemetnum junction)

Neck and Spine Radiography

  • Indications:

    • Mono-, para-, and quadriplegia
    • Paresis or paraparesis
    • Ataxia
    • Spinal pain
    • Stiffness
    • Suspected vertebral deformities
    • Sinus tracts in the lumbar region

  • Standard Views (Lateral and Ventrodorsal): Includes positioning instructions using foam wedges to prevent rotation of the spine.

  • Centering Points: Specific anatomical locations for centering the X-ray beam for clarity.

  • Evaluation of a spinal radiograph: Includes analysis of vertebral alignment, vertebral body characteristics, intervertebral disc space, intervertebral foramina, and surrounding soft tissues.

Intervertebral disc disease

  • Calcified disc material in the intervertebral disc space (location: T12-L3)
  • Radiography and MRI may be required to see subtle changes

Advanced Imaging Techniques (Myelography, MRI, CT)

  • Myelography: Contrast injected into the subarachnoid space; needs plain films first, risk of seizures
  • MRI: Excellent soft-tissue contrast
  • CT: Sensitive for subtle bone changes, can identify disc mineralizations, can be combined with CT myelography.

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