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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implant infections?
What is the primary cause of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implant infections?
- Salivary origin
- Dental Plaque (correct)
- Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)
- Microbial community
How is a biofilm defined?
How is a biofilm defined?
- A material not dislodged by rinsing
- A yellow-greyish material closely adhered to tooth surfaces
- A microbial community adhered to tooth surfaces
- An assemblage of microbial cells enclosed in primarily extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix (correct)
What is the composition of the matrix in which the diverse microbial community of dental plaque is embedded?
What is the composition of the matrix in which the diverse microbial community of dental plaque is embedded?
- Primarily extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)
- Microbial cells
- Polymers of bacterial and salivary origin (correct)
- Non-shedding material
What percentage of dental plaque (biofilm) is composed of microorganisms?
What percentage of dental plaque (biofilm) is composed of microorganisms?
What is the inorganic content of the extracellular matrix in dental plaque?
What is the inorganic content of the extracellular matrix in dental plaque?
Which organic content is found in the extracellular matrix of dental plaque?
Which organic content is found in the extracellular matrix of dental plaque?
What is the primary composition of dental plaque (biofilm)?
What is the primary composition of dental plaque (biofilm)?
What is a main cause of intrinsic tooth stains?
What is a main cause of intrinsic tooth stains?
What is the composition of Materia Alba deposit?
What is the composition of Materia Alba deposit?
What can easily remove Materia Alba from tooth surfaces?
What can easily remove Materia Alba from tooth surfaces?
What is the primary inorganic component of calculus?
What is the primary inorganic component of calculus?
Which organic component is found in the organic content of calculus?
Which organic component is found in the organic content of calculus?
What is the percentage of organic content in calculus?
What is the percentage of organic content in calculus?
Which form of calculus is primarily found in the mandibular anterior area?
Which form of calculus is primarily found in the mandibular anterior area?
Where is the mature calculus primarily composed of hydroxyapatite found?
Where is the mature calculus primarily composed of hydroxyapatite found?
In which area is the later calculus primarily composed of octacalcium phosphate found?
In which area is the later calculus primarily composed of octacalcium phosphate found?
Which form of calculus is characteristic of the posterior areas and sublingual region?
Which form of calculus is characteristic of the posterior areas and sublingual region?
What percentage of mature calculus is composed of hydroxyapatite?
What percentage of mature calculus is composed of hydroxyapatite?
How soon is the formation of a conditioning film detected after cleaning/initial exposure of the oral environment?
How soon is the formation of a conditioning film detected after cleaning/initial exposure of the oral environment?
When does the conditioning film reach equilibrium after its formation?
When does the conditioning film reach equilibrium after its formation?
What type of interaction characterizes reversible adhesion in bacterial adhesion?
What type of interaction characterizes reversible adhesion in bacterial adhesion?
What defines irreversible adhesion in bacterial adhesion?
What defines irreversible adhesion in bacterial adhesion?
How do secondary and late colonizers adhere in co-adhesion during bacterial adhesion?
How do secondary and late colonizers adhere in co-adhesion during bacterial adhesion?
What is the result of Stage 3 in the formation of biofilm matrix?
What is the result of Stage 3 in the formation of biofilm matrix?
What is the role of new outer membrane components in Stage 3 of biofilm formation?
What is the role of new outer membrane components in Stage 3 of biofilm formation?
What facilitates the development of synergistic and antagonistic interactions in Stage 4 of biofilm formation?
What facilitates the development of synergistic and antagonistic interactions in Stage 4 of biofilm formation?
What do the gradients in nutrients and fermentation products within the plaque result in during biofilm formation?
What do the gradients in nutrients and fermentation products within the plaque result in during biofilm formation?
What is the outcome of the metabolism of microorganisms during biofilm formation?
What is the outcome of the metabolism of microorganisms during biofilm formation?
How do some species of bacteria respond if conditions deteriorate?
How do some species of bacteria respond if conditions deteriorate?
What is the specific species mentioned in the text that responds by detaching and colonizing elsewhere?
What is the specific species mentioned in the text that responds by detaching and colonizing elsewhere?
What is the adaptive response of bacteria to changes in their environment as described in the text?
What is the adaptive response of bacteria to changes in their environment as described in the text?
What enzyme system is responsible for neutralizing toxic Superoxides and Hydrogen Peroxides in bacteria?
What enzyme system is responsible for neutralizing toxic Superoxides and Hydrogen Peroxides in bacteria?
Why can oxygen be harmful to some bacteria?
Why can oxygen be harmful to some bacteria?
What must bacteria that do not produce Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and Peroxidase enzymes do?
What must bacteria that do not produce Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and Peroxidase enzymes do?
Which type of bacteria can use anaerobic respiration to survive without O2?
Which type of bacteria can use anaerobic respiration to survive without O2?
Which type of bacteria requires O2 to live?
Which type of bacteria requires O2 to live?
Which type of bacteria can use both aerobic and anaerobic respiration to survive?
Which type of bacteria can use both aerobic and anaerobic respiration to survive?
Which type of bacteria has an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane?
Which type of bacteria has an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane?
What is the distinguishing feature of Gram-positive bacteria's cell wall?
What is the distinguishing feature of Gram-positive bacteria's cell wall?
What makes the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria less acidic?
What makes the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria less acidic?
Which type of microorganisms are associated with the transition to oral disease, as mentioned in the text?
Which type of microorganisms are associated with the transition to oral disease, as mentioned in the text?
What is the role of commensal microbiota in promoting oral health, as per the information provided?
What is the role of commensal microbiota in promoting oral health, as per the information provided?
Which bacterial species are positively associated with oral health, according to the text?
Which bacterial species are positively associated with oral health, according to the text?
Which complexes become more dominant as disease progresses in the initial colonization of tooth surface?
Which complexes become more dominant as disease progresses in the initial colonization of tooth surface?
Which complex species are difficult to find without the presence of orange complex species?
Which complex species are difficult to find without the presence of orange complex species?
What is the significance of the absence of a beneficial organism in a biofilm, according to the text?
What is the significance of the absence of a beneficial organism in a biofilm, according to the text?
What is the role of quorum sensing in biofilm formation?
What is the role of quorum sensing in biofilm formation?
What are the potential roles of quorum sensing in bacterial community structure?
What are the potential roles of quorum sensing in bacterial community structure?
What allows obligatory anaerobic bacteria to survive in an aerobic environment within a biofilm?
What allows obligatory anaerobic bacteria to survive in an aerobic environment within a biofilm?
What is a mechanism of metabolic interactions among bacteria in a biofilm?
What is a mechanism of metabolic interactions among bacteria in a biofilm?
What is the consequence of reaching the critical concentration threshold in quorum sensing?
What is the consequence of reaching the critical concentration threshold in quorum sensing?
What characterizes the physiological state of particular cells of the same microbial species in a biofilm?
What characterizes the physiological state of particular cells of the same microbial species in a biofilm?
What is the primary consequence of antagonistic interactions among bacteria in a biofilm?
What is the primary consequence of antagonistic interactions among bacteria in a biofilm?
What is the primary consequence of quorum sensing in biofilm formation?
What is the primary consequence of quorum sensing in biofilm formation?
What allows obligatory anaerobic bacteria to survive in an aerobic environment within a biofilm?
What allows obligatory anaerobic bacteria to survive in an aerobic environment within a biofilm?
According to the Non-specific Plaque Hypothesis, what was believed to be the result of periodontal disease in the mid-1900s?
According to the Non-specific Plaque Hypothesis, what was believed to be the result of periodontal disease in the mid-1900s?
What allowed for the elaboration of noxious products by the entire plaque flora, as per the Non-specific Plaque Hypothesis?
What allowed for the elaboration of noxious products by the entire plaque flora, as per the Non-specific Plaque Hypothesis?
According to the Specific Plaque Hypothesis, what results in specific periodontal disease?
According to the Specific Plaque Hypothesis, what results in specific periodontal disease?
What is the focus of the Ecological Plaque Hypothesis?
What is the focus of the Ecological Plaque Hypothesis?
How does the Ecological Plaque Hypothesis propose to prevent disease?
How does the Ecological Plaque Hypothesis propose to prevent disease?
What is the role of keystone species such as P. gingivalis in the development of inflammatory disease?
What is the role of keystone species such as P. gingivalis in the development of inflammatory disease?
What happens to keystone pathogens when disease reaches an advanced stage?
What happens to keystone pathogens when disease reaches an advanced stage?
What is one of the exceptions to Koch’s Postulates?
What is one of the exceptions to Koch’s Postulates?
What is one of Socransky’s proposed criteria for judging potential periodontal pathogens?
What is one of Socransky’s proposed criteria for judging potential periodontal pathogens?
What is a local dietary factor that affects plaque formation?
What is a local dietary factor that affects plaque formation?
Which iatrogenic factor affects plaque formation by creating restorative margin issues?
Which iatrogenic factor affects plaque formation by creating restorative margin issues?
What is the primary distinguishing feature of Grade 3 plaque according to the Plaque Index?
What is the primary distinguishing feature of Grade 3 plaque according to the Plaque Index?
Where is wrong about plaque formation occur faster according to the variations in dentition of plaque?
Where is wrong about plaque formation occur faster according to the variations in dentition of plaque?
What does Grade 2 plaque indicate according to the Plaque Index?
What does Grade 2 plaque indicate according to the Plaque Index?
What are the components of chronic inflammation in gingival inflammation?
What are the components of chronic inflammation in gingival inflammation?
What defines Dental Plaque Induced Gingivitis?
What defines Dental Plaque Induced Gingivitis?
What are the clinical features of Dental Plaque Induced Gingivitis?
What are the clinical features of Dental Plaque Induced Gingivitis?
What is the characteristic of Grade 3 gingival inflammation according to the Gingival Index?
What is the characteristic of Grade 3 gingival inflammation according to the Gingival Index?
What is the defining feature of Grade 2 gingival inflammation according to the Gingival Index?
What is the defining feature of Grade 2 gingival inflammation according to the Gingival Index?
How is Grade 1 gingival inflammation defined according to the Gingival Index?
How is Grade 1 gingival inflammation defined according to the Gingival Index?
Study Notes
Microbial Biofilm and Oral Infections
- The primary cause of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implant infections is the microbial biofilm.
- A biofilm is defined as a diverse microbial community embedded in a matrix.
- The matrix is composed of 70-80% water, 10-15% carbohydrates, 5-10% proteins, and 1-5% lipids.
- Microorganisms make up 10-15% of dental plaque (biofilm).
- The inorganic content of the extracellular matrix in dental plaque is primarily hydroxyapatite.
- The organic content of the extracellular matrix in dental plaque includes lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Dental Plaque and Calculus
- Intrinsic tooth stains are primarily caused by the presence of dental plaque.
- Materia Alba is a deposit composed of dead bacteria, leukocytes, and debris.
- Materia Alba can be easily removed from tooth surfaces with a disclosing agent.
- The primary inorganic component of calculus is hydroxyapatite.
- The organic content of calculus includes lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
- Calculus is composed of 70-80% hydroxyapatite and 20-30% organic content.
Biofilm Formation and Adhesion
- Conditioning film forms on the tooth surface within minutes after cleaning.
- The conditioning film reaches equilibrium after 2 hours.
- Reversible adhesion in bacterial adhesion is characterized by electrostatic and van der Waals interactions.
- Irreversible adhesion in bacterial adhesion is characterized by specific interactions.
- Secondary and late colonizers adhere in co-adhesion through specific interactions.
- Stage 3 of biofilm formation results in the formation of a matrix.
- New outer membrane components in Stage 3 of biofilm formation facilitate the development of synergistic and antagonistic interactions.
Bacterial Interactions and Adaptation
- Gradients in nutrients and fermentation products within the plaque result in spatial and temporal variations in bacterial metabolism.
- The metabolism of microorganisms during biofilm formation results in the production of fermentation products.
- Some species of bacteria respond to deteriorating conditions by detaching and colonizing elsewhere.
- The adaptive response of bacteria to changes in their environment is characterized by the formation of a biofilm.
- Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and Peroxidase enzymes are responsible for neutralizing toxic Superoxides and Hydrogen Peroxides in bacteria.
- Oxygen can be harmful to some bacteria that do not produce these enzymes.
Bacterial Types and Respiration
- Anaerobic bacteria can use anaerobic respiration to survive without oxygen.
- Aerobic bacteria require oxygen to live.
- Facultative bacteria can use both aerobic and anaerobic respiration to survive.
- Gram-negative bacteria have an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane.
- Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall.
- Gram-negative bacteria have a less acidic cell wall due to the presence of lipopolysaccharides.
Oral Disease and Microbiota
- The transition to oral disease is associated with a shift in the microbiota towards a more pathogenic community.
- Commensal microbiota promote oral health by preventing the colonization of pathogens.
- Specific bacterial species, such as Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus oralis, are positively associated with oral health.
- The orange complex species, including Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia, are associated with periodontal disease.
- The absence of beneficial organisms in a biofilm can contribute to the development of oral disease.
Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation
- Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that allows bacteria to coordinate their behavior.
- Quorum sensing plays a role in biofilm formation and the development of synergistic and antagonistic interactions.
- Quorum sensing allows bacteria to adapt to changes in their environment.
- Obligatory anaerobic bacteria can survive in an aerobic environment within a biofilm due to the formation of a matrix.
Periodontal Disease and Hypotheses
- The Non-specific Plaque Hypothesis proposes that periodontal disease results from the accumulation of plaque and the elaboration of noxious products.
- The Specific Plaque Hypothesis proposes that specific periodontal pathogens are responsible for periodontal disease.
- The Ecological Plaque Hypothesis proposes that periodontal disease results from a shift in the microbiota towards a more pathogenic community.
- The Ecological Plaque Hypothesis proposes that disease can be prevented by promoting a healthy microbiota.
Gingivitis and Inflammation
- Dental Plaque Induced Gingivitis is defined as inflammation of the gingiva caused by dental plaque.
- The clinical features of Dental Plaque Induced Gingivitis include redness, swelling, and bleeding.
- Grade 3 plaque according to the Plaque Index is characterized by a thick, visible plaque.
- Grade 2 plaque according to the Plaque Index indicates a moderate amount of plaque.
- Grade 1 gingival inflammation according to the Gingival Index is defined as mild inflammation.
- Grade 2 gingival inflammation according to the Gingival Index is defined as moderate inflammation.
- Grade 3 gingival inflammation according to the Gingival Index is defined as severe inflammation.
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Description
Test your knowledge of dental plaque and biofilm with this quiz. Learn about the diverse microbial community found on tooth surfaces, its impact on oral health, and its role in causing dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implant infections.
