Dental Materials Review
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Questions and Answers

What does a pH level above 7 indicate regarding acidity?

  • It is alkaline. (correct)
  • It is corrosive.
  • It is acidic.
  • It is neutral.

Which term refers to the ability of a material to withstand permanent deformation under tensile stress without fracturing?

  • Elasticity
  • Hardness
  • Ductility (correct)
  • Malleability

What does the term 'chromatic value' refer to in dental materials?

  • Weight of color
  • Dominant color
  • Lightness of color (correct)
  • Intensity of color

Which phenomenon occurs when two different metals in the oral cavity can create a potential for minute shock?

<p>Galvanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'micro leakage' refer to in dentistry?

<p>Tiny spaces between tooth and restoration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property describes the ability of a material to resist scratching or indentation?

<p>Hardness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect called when dental material is subjected to heat and subsequently expands?

<p>Thermal expansion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do retention grooves in dental restorations achieve?

<p>Facilitate mechanical attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cement is primarily used as a sedative base and temporary cement for provisional coverage?

<p>Zinc Oxide Eugenol cement (ZOE) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Polycarboxylate cement in dentistry?

<p>Insulating base under composites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of cement mentioned as used in dentistry?

<p>Calcium Hydroxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cement is known to be an insulating base and is mixed into increments due to its exothermic reaction?

<p>Zinc Phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes Glass Ionomer Type III cement?

<p>Fluoride releasing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is accurate about Composite Resin?

<p>It requires liners and is used in restorations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Zinc Oxide Eugenol when used as a cement?

<p>Sedative base and temporary cement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is NOT involved in establishing standards for dental materials?

<p>Food and Drug Administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper ratio of alloy to mercury for good amalgam?

<p>50:50 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during undertrituration of amalgam?

<p>It creates a grainy mixture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can cause expansion and corrosion in dental amalgam?

<p>Moisture contamination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sprue in the dental casting process?

<p>To form the channel for molten alloy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of pattern wax used in dentistry?

<p>Is used to create detailed wax patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pickling process after casting in dentistry?

<p>To remove oxides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are gold alloys typically used in dental applications?

<p>To increase strength and stability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material is primarily used to construct a temporary denture form?

<p>Shellac or acrylic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can cause an increase in the setting time of alginate?

<p>Using warm water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended water to powder ratio for high-strength dental stone?

<p>24 mL of water for every 100 g of powder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following impression materials is known for minimal shrinkage and ease of use?

<p>Polyvinylsiloxane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does zinc play in an amalgam alloy?

<p>Acts as a deoxidizer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the mixing and setting times of cement?

<p>Type of powder used (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component in an amalgam alloy primarily adds strength and durability?

<p>Silver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a mandibular impression, what is the appropriate powder to water measure?

<p>2 scoops of powder and 2 measures of water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which impression material is commonly used for partial dentures due to its flexibility?

<p>Polysulfide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the bite block serve in denture construction?

<p>It attaches the baseplate and bite rim, and gives height to the denture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material is commonly used to construct custom trays in dentistry?

<p>Polymethylmethacrylate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the denture base extends over the attached mucosa?

<p>Flange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is not included in the construction of dentures due to its impact on speech and chewing?

<p>Third molars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the maxillary denture is primarily responsible for its retention?

<p>Post dam or posterior palatal seal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before placing the custom tray material onto the model?

<p>Line wax with Vaseline to facilitate removal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the first aid kits located in the lab?

<p>On the east wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials are used for artificial teeth in dentures?

<p>Acrylic or porcelain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Glass Ionomer Type I cement in dentistry?

<p>For metal restorations and orthodontic brackets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cement is less irritating to the pulp compared to Zinc Phosphate?

<p>Polycarboxylate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of Zinc Oxide Eugenol cement when used as a base?

<p>It is mixed to a putty-like consistency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be considered a potential disadvantage of Polycarboxylate cement?

<p>Limited shelf life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Zinc Phosphate cement in dental applications?

<p>As a luting agent for crowns and bridges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major organization is NOT involved in establishing standards for dental materials?

<p>National Institute of Health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cement is commonly mixed directly on a pad or slab for optimal performance?

<p>Polycarboxylate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cement is known for its fluoride-releasing properties?

<p>Glass Ionomer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of overtrituration on dental amalgam?

<p>Reduces working time leading to improper carving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of adequate trituration in dental amalgam?

<p>Leads to minimal dimensional change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the burnout process serve in the dental casting procedure?

<p>It removes any wax patterns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excess moisture contamination in amalgam can lead to which of the following issues?

<p>Increased risk of recurrent caries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the sprue in the dental casting process?

<p>It channels molten metal to form restorations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pattern wax is primarily used for what purpose in dentistry?

<p>Making inlays and crowns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is pickling performed after casting in dentistry?

<p>To eliminate oxides from the surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metals are commonly used to enhance the properties of gold alloys in dental applications?

<p>Platinum and palladium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of a material to withstand permanent deformity under compressive stress without fracturing?

<p>Malleability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes how light passes through a tooth and its edges appear bluish?

<p>Translucency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is micro leakage in dental restorations primarily caused by?

<p>Poor adhesion of materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does viscosity in dental materials relate to?

<p>The ability of a liquid to flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic does NOT pertain to a corrosion process in dental materials?

<p>It increases the metal's strength. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What force is involved in the side-to-side movement associated with bruxism?

<p>Shearing stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ductility' refer to in dental materials science?

<p>Ability to deform under tensile stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes galvanism in dental materials?

<p>Electrochemical reactions between metals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gypsum product requires 30 mL of water for every 100 g of powder?

<p>Dental stone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which impression material is known for capturing fine details due to its rigidity?

<p>Polyether (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct water to powder ratio for model plaster?

<p>50 mL of water for every 100 g of powder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component in an amalgam alloy primarily acts as a deoxidizer?

<p>Zinc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does adding warm water to alginate have on setting time?

<p>Increases set time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of silicone is preferred for final impressions due to its minimal shrinkage?

<p>Polyvinylsiloxane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of an amalgam enhances hardness and provides better corrosion resistance?

<p>Copper (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When taking a mandibular impression, how many scoops of powder are recommended?

<p>2 scoops of powder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the bite rim in denture construction?

<p>To provide a height for the denture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the denture base primarily constructed?

<p>Using acrylic materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the post dam play in the design of a maxillary denture?

<p>To determine retention through suction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the resin used to construct custom trays?

<p>Polymethylmethacrylate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What safety feature is located at the east wall of the lab?

<p>Eyewash station (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about artificial teeth in dentures is correct?

<p>They can be made of acrylic or porcelain materials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct initial step before placing the custom tray material onto the model?

<p>Line the wax with Vaseline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what dental applications are acrylics and acrylic resins primarily used?

<p>Maxillofacial materials, temporary crowns, and bridges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tensile Force

A pulling force. Think of stretching a rubber band.

Compressive Force

A pushing force. Think of crushing a can.

Shearing Stress

A side-to-side, back-and-forth force. Similar to cutting with a knife.

Micro Leakage

Tiny spaces between a tooth and filling where bacteria and fluids can get in, leading to problems.

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Adhesion

The attraction force holding unlike substances together

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Retention

How well a filling stays in place in the tooth.

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Corrosion

Damage to a metal due to the oral environment (chemicals or electricity). Think of rust on metal.

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Viscosity

The ability of a liquid to flow. Higher viscosity = stickier.

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Dental cements

Materials used to bond or fill teeth in dental procedures.

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Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE)

A temporary dental cement used for temporary fillings and bases, known for its sedative effect.

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Zinc Phosphate

A permanent dental cement for crowns, bridges, orthodontic appliances, that acts as an insulator.

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Polycarboxylate cement

A permanent dental cement for restorations, orthodontic appliances, and as a base.

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Glass Ionomer cement

A permanent dental cement, often used for both restorations and bases, that releases fluoride.

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Composite resin cement

Tooth-colored restorative material used for fillings and core buildups.

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Dental Material Standards

Established by organizations like ANSI, ADA, and ISO to ensure safety.

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Cement Types (I, II, III)

Different glass ionomer cements categorized by their use: I-luting agent, II-restorative, III-bases/liners.

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Bite Block

A component of a denture that attaches the baseplate and bite rim, providing height for the denture.

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Bite Rim

A wax structure that is attached to the baseplate and shaped to conform to the edentulous portion of the ridge, representing the teeth during denture construction.

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Denture Base

The permanent portion of a denture that contacts the soft tissue of the alveolar ridge and holds the artificial teeth.

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Flange

The part of the denture base that extends over the attached mucosa, creating a seal around the denture.

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Post Dam

The posterior part of the maxillary denture that helps retain the denture by creating suction.

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Custom Tray

A specialized tray made for individual patients, used for taking final impressions for various dental procedures like dentures and crowns.

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Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)

A type of resin used in dentistry for various applications, including custom tray construction.

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Whitening Indications

Conditions that make teeth whitening a suitable treatment option, such as stained or discolored teeth.

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What is undertrituration?

Insufficient mixing of amalgam results in a grainy mix that hardens quickly, leading to a weak amalgam.

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What is overtrituration?

Excessive mixing of amalgam beyond the recommended time, reducing working time and making proper carving and placement difficult.

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Excess mercury in amalgam

More mercury than needed weakens the final amalgam.

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Moisture contamination of amalgam

Exposure to moisture causes expansion, corrosion, and recurrent decay.

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Pattern wax

Used for creating detailed models of the final restoration, including anatomical features.

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What is investing in dental casting?

Surrounding the wax pattern with a gypsum-bonded investment material, capturing all the details.

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What happens during burnout in dental casting?

Heating the invested mold to remove the wax pattern and sprue, leaving a hollow space for molten metal.

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Why are gold alloys used in dentistry?

Gold alloys are used to create strong and stable restorations by combining noble metals (platinum, palladium, gold) with base metals (zinc, copper, silver, tin, titanium, nickel).

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Cement Mixing Factors

Factors like humidity, temperature, and powder-to-liquid ratio can influence cement setting time. Humidity affects powder, temperature affects exothermic reactions (heat), and proportions are critical for proper consistency.

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Alginate Mixing Factors

Alginate setting time is affected by water temperature. Warm water speeds up the setting process, while cool water slows it down.

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Gypsum Products

Gypsum is used to create dental models. There are three main types: Model Plaster (weakest, used for study models), Dental Stone (stronger, for working casts), and High Strength Dental Stone (strongest, for precise restorations).

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Alginate and Stone Mixing Ratio

Different Gypsum products have specific water-to-powder ratios for optimal mixing. For example, Dental Stone requires 30 mL of water per 100 g of powder.

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Polyvinylsiloxane (Addition Silicone)

Addition silicone is a popular impression material ideal for final impressions. It offers high accuracy and dimensional stability, making it suitable for crowns, bridges, and implants.

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Polyether Impression Material

Polyether is a rigid and accurate impression material, often used for crowns, bridges, and partial dentures. Its rigidity allows for capturing fine details.

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Amalgam Alloy Composition

Amalgam is a dental filling material made of a combination of metals. Silver is the main component, providing strength and durability. Other metals like tin, copper, zinc, and mercury are added to adjust properties.

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Amalgam Quality Factors

Factors like particle size, mercury content, and proper mixing techniques can impact the quality of an amalgam filling. Too much mercury can lead to weakness, while improper mixing can create voids.

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Hue

The dominant color of a material, like red, yellow, or blue.

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Value

The lightness or darkness of a color, measured on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being black and 10 being white.

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Chroma

The intensity or saturation of a color, measured on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being pale and 10 being rich.

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Translucency

The amount of light that can pass through a material.

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Tarnish

When a metal in the mouth becomes dull or discolored.

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Dimensional Change

Changes in the length or volume of a material due to the absorption of liquid, which can lead to stiffness.

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Ductility

The ability of a material to withstand pulling forces without breaking.

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What are the major dental cement types?

Dental cements are materials used to bond or fill teeth. The main types include Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE), Zinc Phosphate, Polycarboxylate, Glass Ionomer, and Composite Resin.

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What is ZOE used for?

Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE) is a temporary cement used for sedative bases, temporary fillings, and provisional crowns. It's known for its soothing effect on the pulp.

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What is Zinc Phosphate used for?

Zinc Phosphate is a permanent cement used for crowns, bridges, orthodontic bands, and insulating bases. It's known for its high strength, but can irritate the pulp.

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What is Polycarboxylate used for?

Polycarboxylate is a permanent cement often used for restorations, orthodontic bands, stainless steel crowns, and bases under composites and amalgam. It's less irritating to the pulp than Zinc Phosphate.

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What is Glass Ionomer used for?

Glass Ionomer is a versatile cement used for restorations, bases, and liners. It releases fluoride, which helps strengthen teeth and prevent decay.

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What is Composite Resin used for?

Composite Resin is a tooth-colored material primarily used for fillings and core build-ups. It's strong, aesthetically pleasing, and can be bonded directly to tooth structure.

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What is the purpose of dental material safety standards?

Organizations like the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the American Dental Association (ADA), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) develop standards to ensure the safety and effectiveness of dental materials.

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How do cement types differ?

Different dental cement types are classified based on their intended use: Type I cements are luting agents for bonding restorations, Type II for direct restorations, and Type III for bases and liners.

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Amalgam Mixing Ratio

The ideal ratio of alloy to mercury for amalgam is 50:50. This ensures the appropriate strength and consistency of the final restoration.

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Undertrituration

Insufficient mixing of amalgam results in a grainy mix, which hardens quickly and weakens the restoration.

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Overtrituration

Excessive mixing of amalgam can reduce working time, making it difficult to properly shape and place the restoration.

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Excess Mercury

Having more mercury than needed in amalgam weakens the final restoration.

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Moisture Contamination

Exposure to moisture can cause amalgam to expand, corrode, and lead to recurrent decay.

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Casting Process: Spruing

A wax or metal channel attached to the wax pattern, allowing molten alloy to flow and form the final restoration.

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Casting Process: Burnout

Heating the invested mold to remove the wax pattern and sprue, leaving a hollow space for molten metal.

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Casting Process: Pickling

A final step in the casting process where the metal restoration is placed in an acidic solution to remove oxides.

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What factors affect cement setting?

Cement setting time is influenced by humidity (powder), temperature (exothermic reaction), and powder-to-liquid ratio. Too much or too little powder can alter the setting time.

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How does water temperature affect alginate?

Warm water speeds up the setting time of alginate, while cool water slows it down. This is because temperature affects the chemical reaction.

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What are the types of gypsum products?

Gypsum products are used for making dental models. There are three types: Model plaster (weakest), Dental stone (stronger), and High strength dental stone (strongest).

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Mixing ratio for dental stone?

Dental stone requires a specific water-to-powder ratio for proper mixing. The standard ratio is 30 mL of water for every 100 g of powder.

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What is in amalgam?

Amalgam is a dental filling material made of a mix of metals. Silver is the primary component, providing strength and durability. Other metals like tin, copper, zinc, and mercury are added to adjust properties.

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What impacts amalgam quality?

The quality of an amalgam filling depends on factors like particle size, mercury content, and proper mixing. Excessive mercury weakens the amalgam, while improper mixing can create voids.

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What are the components of a complete denture?

A complete denture consists of a baseplate that sits on the gums, artificial teeth, and a flange that extends over the gum tissue to create a seal.

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What are custom trays used for?

Custom trays are used to take final impressions for various dental procedures like dentures, crowns, and bridges because they offer a precise mold compared to standard trays.

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What is Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)?

PMMA is a resin used to construct custom trays, offering strength and adaptability.

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What are whitening indications?

Conditions where teeth whitening is a suitable treatment option. Examples include stained or discolored teeth.

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Study Notes

Dental Materials Review

  • Dental materials are categorized by acidity (pH above 7 is alkaline, below 7 is acidic).
  • Adhesion is the force between dissimilar substances (e.g., plaque).
  • Tensile force is a pulling force (e.g., orthodontic bands).
  • Compressive force is a pushing force.
  • Shearing stress is a force applied side-to-side (e.g., bruxism).
  • Hue describes the dominant color.
  • Value refers to the lightness of a color (scale 1-10, black is 1, white is 10).
  • Chroma is the intensity of a color.
  • Translucency is the amount of light passing through a material.
  • Corrosion is the chemical or electrochemical deterioration of metal in the mouth.
  • Tarnish is the dulling or discoloration of metal.
  • Dimensional change is a change in size or shape due to imbibition (water absorption).
  • Ductility is the ability to deform under tensile force without breaking.
  • Malleability is the ability to deform under compressive force without breaking.
  • Elasticity is the ability to deform and return to its original shape.
  • Flow (creep) is continuous deformation under constant force.
  • Galvanism is the potential for electric current between dissimilar metals.
  • Hardness is the material's resistance to scratching or indentation.
  • Micro leakage is a small gap between a restoration and tooth.
  • Retention is the ability of a material to adhere to tooth structure.
  • Solubility is a substance's ability to dissolve in a liquid.
  • Wettability is a material's ability to spread across a surface.
  • Viscosity is a liquid's resistance to flow.
  • Toxicity describes a material's harmfulness.
  • Thermal conductivity measures heat flow.
  • Thermal expansion is the increase in size of a material with heat.
  • Organizations (like ADA and FDA) regulate dental materials.

Dental Cements

  • Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE): temporary cement, base, luting agent.
  • Zinc Phosphate: permanent cement, ortho bands, crowns, bridges.
  • Polycarboxylate: permanent cement, ortho bands, crowns.
  • Glass Ionomer (GI): luting (temporary cement), base, liners and restorative.
  • Important brands include: ZOE 2200, Zogenol, Tempbond, Fynal, Schein, Accubite, Patterson, and many more.

Impression Materials

  • Polyvinylsiloxane (addition silicone): ideal for final impressions (crown, bridges).
  • Polyether: shows fine detail, commonly used for crowns, bridges and dentures.
  • Polysulfide: flexible, good detail reproduction, commonly used for removable dentures.
  • Condensation Silicone: good for final impressions but less stable than addition silicone.

Amalgam Alloy Components

  • Main component is silver (50-70%).
  • Tin: weakns amalgam but slows hardening and reduces expansion.
  • Copper: increases hardness, resists corrosion.

Amalgam Factors

  • Proper alloy-to-mercury ratio is crucial for good amalgam.
  • Adequate trituration (mixing) is important for strength.
  • Minimal dimensional change during hardening is a key factor.
  • Correct handling (avoiding excess moisture) maintains quality.

Dental Wax Types

  • Pattern waxes (inlay, casting, baseplate)
  • Processing waxes (boxing, sticky, utility)
  • Impression waxes (bite registration)

Dental Casting Process

  • Wax pattern is created as a model.
  • Sprues are added to guide the molten alloy.
  • The wax is removed from the mold.
  • The metal (alloy) is poured into the mold.
  • The finished restoration is removed.

Denture Construction

  • Temporary form (shellac or acrylic) is used.
  • A bite rim reinforces.
  • Acrylic baseplate is made.
  • Artificial teeth are attached to the baseplate.

Acrylic Resins in Dentistry

  • Custom trays and temporary crowns/bridges.

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Dental Materials Final Exam Review 2010-11 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on dental materials with this review quiz. Explore concepts such as acidity, adhesion, and various forces affecting dental materials. Ensure you understand crucial terms like hue, value, chroma, and how they relate to dental applications.

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