Diagnostic imaging mod 4

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Questions and Answers

Which condition is commonly associated with oculonasal discharge in rabbits?

Limb tumours

Dental disease (correct)

Otitis media

Thymic neoplasia

What is the best view to visualize the bony structures of the middle ears in rabbits?

Dorsoventral view (correct)

Lateral view

Frontal view

Ventral view

Which imaging technique can be used to determine retrobulbar masses in ferrets?

Ultrasound (correct)

CT scan

MRI

Radiography

Which type of neoplasm has been reported in the skull of a rabbit?

Osteogenic sarcoma Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cardiomyopathy is more commonly reported in ferrets?

Dilated cardiomyopathy Signup and view all the answers

Which joints are commonly affected by septic arthritis in rabbits?

Phalangeal and tarsal Signup and view all the answers

What is an increasingly common diagnosis in older ferrets?

Valvular insufficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of osteoarthritis in older rabbits?

Septic arthritis Signup and view all the answers

Which heartworm produces right-sided heart failure in ferrets?

Dirofilaria immitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of myelography in rabbits?

To diagnose degenerative disc disease and spinal abscesses Signup and view all the answers

What is the common incidental finding in ferrets with little significance?

Aortic regurgitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of polycystic disease in ferrets?

Presence of multiple irregular cysts in the kidneys and often the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common radiographic abnormality seen in ferrets with heartworm infestation?

Pleural effusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical appearance of pneumonia in ferrets on radiographs?

Interstitial and alveolar pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of gastric bloat in recently weaned ferrets?

Gas production Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of thickening of the small intestine in ferrets?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the most commonly seen diagnostic imaging abnormality in ferrets with lymphoma?

Lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common condition affecting the male ferret's prostate?

Adrenal gland neoplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of exercise is strongly advisable for rabbits to slow cartilage degeneration and disease progression?

Outdoor exercise on grass Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal position of the liver in healthy rabbits?

Flattened cranio-caudally and found completely underneath the caudal ribcage Signup and view all the answers

What may indicate gut stasis and localized gas build-up in rabbits?

Larger crescentic gas caps in the stomach Signup and view all the answers

How can gastric emptying and intestinal motility be assessed in rabbits?

By measuring the time it takes for a liquid marker to reach the cecum Signup and view all the answers

What technique can be used to outline the bladder lining in rabbits?

Negative contrast techniques using air Signup and view all the answers

What may cause intense visceral pain in rabbits?

Renal and ureteral calculi Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is most suitable for the management of osteoarthritis in rabbits?

Meloxicam Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage of meloxicam for severe cases of osteoarthritis in rabbits?

0.6mg/kg per os once a day Signup and view all the answers

What did a study by Turner et al (2006) conclude about the dosing frequency of meloxicam in rabbits?

Once daily dosing is unlikely to provide effective analgesia over a 24 hour period Signup and view all the answers

Why is corticosteroid treatment contraindicated in rabbits with osteoarthritis?

It can exacerbate other diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for preventing further progression of osteoarthritic changes in rabbits?

Weight control Signup and view all the answers

What did Flecknell report about the use of meloxicam in laboratory rabbits?

Meloxicam can be administered once in laboratory rabbits Signup and view all the answers

Which organ can be assessed for hepatomegaly by ultrasound in birds?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic ultrasound finding of hepatic lipidosis in birds?

Increased echogenicity of liver walls Signup and view all the answers

What can be a challenging aspect of diagnosing hepatic tumours in birds using ultrasound?

Differentiating them from granulomas and areas of hepatic necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common finding in liver diseases such as haemochromatosis in birds?

Hepatomegaly Signup and view all the answers

What can ultrasound be used to diagnose in birds related to the heart?

Valvular defects Signup and view all the answers

What can be diagnosed by ultrasound in birds with respect to the reproductive system?

Coelomic deposition of eggs Signup and view all the answers

What can be visualized by ultrasound in birds when ascitic/coelomic fluid is present?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What can be seen as the ovary becomes enlarged enough to push ventrally in birds?

Hypoechoic 'bunches of grapes' Signup and view all the answers

What can differentiate egg-yolk peritonitis from a true ascitic effusion in birds?

Turbid appearance Signup and view all the answers

What can be diagnosed by ultrasound in birds with respect to the spleen?

Splenic tumours Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are most commonly affected by metabolic bone disease in juvenile birds?

Long bones Signup and view all the answers

What skeletal deformity is often associated with cystic ovarian disease and persistent hyperoestrogenaemia in birds?

Polyostotic hyperostosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the visible effect of an enlarged liver on a ventro-dorsal radiograph of a bird?

Visible gap between the heart and liver shadows Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by an enlarged proventriculus seen on a lateral radiograph of a bird?

Gastric dilatation syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Where can an enlarged spleen be seen on a radiograph of a bird?

Dorsal to the liver shadow Signup and view all the answers

How may damaged kidneys appear on a radiograph of a bird?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What can cause dilation of the great vessels exiting the heart in birds?

Both atherosclerosis and metastatic mineralisation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common condition affecting the long bones of juvenile birds with metabolic bone disease?

Bending into a right angle Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an enlarged kidney on the abdominal air sac in birds?

It obliterates a section of the air sac Signup and view all the answers

What can cause the great vessels exiting the heart in birds to be more radiodense?

Metastatic mineralisation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Oculonasal Discharge and Imaging in Rabbits and Ferrets

Oculonasal discharge in rabbits is commonly associated with dental disease.
Best view for visualizing bony structures of the middle ears in rabbits is the ventrodorsal (VD) view.
Retrobulbar masses in ferrets can be determined using ultrasound imaging techniques.
Osteosarcoma is a type of neoplasm reported in the skull of rabbits.

Cardiomyopathy and Joint Conditions in Ferrets and Rabbits

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most commonly reported type of cardiomyopathy in ferrets.
Septic arthritis often affects the stifle, hock, and elbow joints in rabbits.
Acute metabolic disorders are increasingly common diagnoses in older ferrets.
Common sign of osteoarthritis in older rabbits is decreased mobility or reluctance to jump.

Heartworm and Imaging Techniques

Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) can produce right-sided heart failure in ferrets.
Myelography in rabbits serves to evaluate spinal cord conditions and identify lesions.
Common incidental finding in ferrets with limited significance is the presence of bronchiectasis.

Cysts and Radiographic Findings in Ferrets

Distinguishing feature of polycystic disease in ferrets is the presence of multiple cysts in the kidneys.
Common radiographic abnormality seen in ferrets with heartworm infestation is right-sided cardiac enlargement.
Typical appearance of pneumonia in ferrets on radiographs includes patchy alveolar infiltrates.

Gastrointestinal Issues in Ferrets

A common cause of gastric bloat in recently weaned ferrets is overfeeding or dietary changes.
Thickening of the small intestine in ferrets can be caused by foreign body ingestion or inflammation.
Most commonly seen diagnostic imaging abnormality in ferrets with lymphoma is enlarged lymph nodes.

Prostate Conditions and Recommended Exercises

Common condition affecting the male ferret's prostate is benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Moderate exercise is strongly advisable for rabbits to slow cartilage degeneration and disease progression.

Liver and Gastrointestinal Assessments in Rabbits

Normal position of the liver in healthy rabbits is to the right side of the abdominal cavity.
Gut stasis and localized gas build-up in rabbits may indicate gastrointestinal obstruction or dysmotility.
Gastric emptying and intestinal motility can be assessed in rabbits using radiography and ultrasound.

Bladder and Pain Management in Rabbits

Cystography can be used to outline the bladder lining in rabbits.
Intense visceral pain in rabbits may result from conditions like gastrointestinal stasis or pancreatitis.
Meloxicam is most suitable for managing osteoarthritis in rabbits.

Meloxicam Dosage and Treatment Considerations

Recommended dosage of meloxicam for severe osteoarthritis in rabbits is 0.5-1 mg/kg once daily.
A study by Turner et al (2006) concluded that administering meloxicam every 24 hours is effective.
Corticosteroid treatment is contraindicated in rabbits with osteoarthritis due to potential adverse effects on cartilage.

Preventive Measures and Research Findings

Essential preventive measure for osteoarthritic changes in rabbits is maintaining an appropriate body weight and exercise regimen.
Flecknell reported that meloxicam is effective in controlling pain in laboratory rabbits.

Avian Ultrasound and Radiographic Findings

Hepatomegaly in birds can be assessed using ultrasound targeting the liver.
Characteristic ultrasound finding of hepatic lipidosis in birds is increased echogenicity of the liver.
Diagnosing hepatic tumors in birds can be challenging due to the overlying air sacs obscuring clarity.

Reproductive and Skeletal Implications in Birds

Ultrasound can diagnose heart-related conditions and reproductive system abnormalities in birds.
Ascitic fluid presence can visualize structures in the coelomic cavity.
Enlarged ovaries can displace the body cavity ventrally in birds, indicating reproductive issues.

Differentiating Conditions and Radiograph Observations

Differentiation between egg-yolk peritonitis and true ascitic effusion in birds involves ultrasound characteristics.
Enlarged spleens can be visualized on radiographs, often indicating splenomegaly in birds.
Common findings in radiographs of birds with liver or kidney damage may show displacement of surrounding structures.

Metabolic Bone Disease and Associated Conditions

Long bones of juvenile birds are commonly affected by metabolic bone disease.
Skeletal deformities can occur with cystic ovarian disease and persistent hyperoestrogenaemia in birds.
Enlarged proventriculus seen on lateral radiographs indicates potential digestive issues.

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Description

Dental Disease and Exophthalmos Quiz: Test your knowledge on the relationship between dental disease, exophthalmos, and associated complications like dacrocystitis. Learn about the importance of chest radiographs and contrast studies in diagnosing these conditions. Improve your understanding of the nasolacrimal duct and drainage issues.