Podcast
Questions and Answers
What primarily causes the demineralization of enamel and dentin in dental caries?
What primarily causes the demineralization of enamel and dentin in dental caries?
- Excessive dental brushing
- Fermentation of fats
- Fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria (correct)
- Absence of fluoride
Which of the following factors is NOT considered a contributing etiological factor in the development of dental caries?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered a contributing etiological factor in the development of dental caries?
- Fermentable carbohydrates
- Cariogenic bacteria
- Presence of antioxidants (correct)
- Time
Which experiment demonstrated that the absence of bacteria leads to no development of dental caries?
Which experiment demonstrated that the absence of bacteria leads to no development of dental caries?
- Orland’s Experiment with Gnotobiotes
- Orland’s Experiment with Germ-free animals (correct)
- Miller’s Experiment
- Bradley’s Experiment with Fluorides
What type of bacteria was specifically shown to produce smooth surface and pit and fissure caries in Orland's Experiment?
What type of bacteria was specifically shown to produce smooth surface and pit and fissure caries in Orland's Experiment?
What is meant by the term 'gnotobiote' in the context of dental caries research?
What is meant by the term 'gnotobiote' in the context of dental caries research?
In dental caries, what component serves as the medium for cariogenic bacteria to act upon the tooth surface?
In dental caries, what component serves as the medium for cariogenic bacteria to act upon the tooth surface?
Which of the following describes the process of demineralization in dental caries?
Which of the following describes the process of demineralization in dental caries?
What role do fermentable carbohydrates play in the development of dental caries?
What role do fermentable carbohydrates play in the development of dental caries?
What has a greater influence on caries activity than the total amount of carbohydrates consumed?
What has a greater influence on caries activity than the total amount of carbohydrates consumed?
Which form of sugar is identified as the most potent cause of dental caries?
Which form of sugar is identified as the most potent cause of dental caries?
What is the primary composition of dental plaque by volume?
What is the primary composition of dental plaque by volume?
What role does the plaque matrix serve in relation to organic acids produced in the mouth?
What role does the plaque matrix serve in relation to organic acids produced in the mouth?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting plaque formation and thickness?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting plaque formation and thickness?
What is the first step in the mechanism of bacterial plaque formation?
What is the first step in the mechanism of bacterial plaque formation?
What thickness can the acquired enamel pellicle reach?
What thickness can the acquired enamel pellicle reach?
Which component is NOT part of the amorphous matrix in dental plaque?
Which component is NOT part of the amorphous matrix in dental plaque?
What is the role of salivary glycoproteins in dental health?
What is the role of salivary glycoproteins in dental health?
What condition is highlighted as leading to an increased rate of dental caries?
What condition is highlighted as leading to an increased rate of dental caries?
Which salivary components are primarily responsible for remineralizing caries lesions?
Which salivary components are primarily responsible for remineralizing caries lesions?
What is the initial macroscopic appearance of enamel caries?
What is the initial macroscopic appearance of enamel caries?
What is the role of the initial community in the colonization of the pellicle?
What is the role of the initial community in the colonization of the pellicle?
What type of organisms flourish during the selective replacement within the plaque flora?
What type of organisms flourish during the selective replacement within the plaque flora?
Which phase is not part of the development of enamel caries?
Which phase is not part of the development of enamel caries?
Which bacterial arrangement is referred to as ‘corn on the cobs’?
Which bacterial arrangement is referred to as ‘corn on the cobs’?
What is the primary function of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in saliva?
What is the primary function of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in saliva?
What happens during the phase of bacterial invasion in enamel caries?
What happens during the phase of bacterial invasion in enamel caries?
What is the primary function of acid-producing bacteria during plaque formation?
What is the primary function of acid-producing bacteria during plaque formation?
Which substance in saliva has a direct antibacterial action?
Which substance in saliva has a direct antibacterial action?
Which of the following is NOT a biochemical reaction occurring in bacterial plaque?
Which of the following is NOT a biochemical reaction occurring in bacterial plaque?
In what timeframe does the rapid growth phase of bacteria occur after initial colonization?
In what timeframe does the rapid growth phase of bacteria occur after initial colonization?
What mechanism allows Strep.mutans to attach to pioneer species during colonization?
What mechanism allows Strep.mutans to attach to pioneer species during colonization?
What was the primary aim of Stephan's experiment?
What was the primary aim of Stephan's experiment?
Which characteristic is NOT essential for a bacteria to be considered cariogenic?
Which characteristic is NOT essential for a bacteria to be considered cariogenic?
What is the primary reason Lactobacillus species do not initiate caries on smooth surfaces?
What is the primary reason Lactobacillus species do not initiate caries on smooth surfaces?
Which property makes Streptococcus mutans particularly effective at initiating dental caries?
Which property makes Streptococcus mutans particularly effective at initiating dental caries?
Which of the following is a feature of aciduric bacteria?
Which of the following is a feature of aciduric bacteria?
Which species is closely associated with the initiation of dental caries in humans?
Which species is closely associated with the initiation of dental caries in humans?
What is the function of extracellular polysaccharides like dextran in cariogenic bacteria?
What is the function of extracellular polysaccharides like dextran in cariogenic bacteria?
Which of the following statements about lactobacilli is true?
Which of the following statements about lactobacilli is true?
What role does amylopectin play in cariogenic bacteria?
What role does amylopectin play in cariogenic bacteria?
What is the primary purpose of using a polarized light microscope?
What is the primary purpose of using a polarized light microscope?
What characterizes the translucent zone in early smooth surface caries?
What characterizes the translucent zone in early smooth surface caries?
How does the dark zone appear under transmitted light?
How does the dark zone appear under transmitted light?
What is the significance of submicroscopic pores in enamel?
What is the significance of submicroscopic pores in enamel?
What happens to the translucency of the lesion in the translucent zone as a result of alterations in enamel structure?
What happens to the translucency of the lesion in the translucent zone as a result of alterations in enamel structure?
Which of the following best describes microradiography?
Which of the following best describes microradiography?
In which zone of enamel caries does further demineralization occur due to acid proximity?
In which zone of enamel caries does further demineralization occur due to acid proximity?
What is one of the causes of smaller pores forming in the dark zone?
What is one of the causes of smaller pores forming in the dark zone?
Infected dentinal lesions can be remineralized and should be preserved.
Infected dentinal lesions can be remineralized and should be preserved.
The presence of bacteria is involved in uninfected dentinal lesions.
The presence of bacteria is involved in uninfected dentinal lesions.
Root surface caries are typically due to gingival recession along with bacterial invasion.
Root surface caries are typically due to gingival recession along with bacterial invasion.
Regular reactionary dentin is formed in response to mild stimuli by caries.
Regular reactionary dentin is formed in response to mild stimuli by caries.
Dead tracts in dentin result from the death of odontoblasts, creating an empty, dark appearance.
Dead tracts in dentin result from the death of odontoblasts, creating an empty, dark appearance.
The zone of fatty degeneration is a characteristic of uninfected dentinal lesions.
The zone of fatty degeneration is a characteristic of uninfected dentinal lesions.
Irregular reactionary dentin forms in response to mild stimuli.
Irregular reactionary dentin forms in response to mild stimuli.
Bacteria penetrate into the superficial layer of demineralized cementum very late during root surface caries development.
Bacteria penetrate into the superficial layer of demineralized cementum very late during root surface caries development.
Saliva contains secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) which kills bacteria and prevents their adherence.
Saliva contains secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) which kills bacteria and prevents their adherence.
The buffering capacity of saliva decreases with higher rates of salivary flow.
The buffering capacity of saliva decreases with higher rates of salivary flow.
Xerostomia is characterized by an increased rate of dental caries due to lack of saliva.
Xerostomia is characterized by an increased rate of dental caries due to lack of saliva.
The first phase of enamel caries is known as the phase of bacterial invasion.
The first phase of enamel caries is known as the phase of bacterial invasion.
Increased salivary flow in individuals with mongolism may contribute to lower caries incidence.
Increased salivary flow in individuals with mongolism may contribute to lower caries incidence.
Saliva's inorganic components like calcium and phosphate promote the demineralization of enamel.
Saliva's inorganic components like calcium and phosphate promote the demineralization of enamel.
During enamel caries, the process involves continuous dissolution of the enamel structure.
During enamel caries, the process involves continuous dissolution of the enamel structure.
The macroscopic appearance of initial enamel caries is characterized by a translucent zone.
The macroscopic appearance of initial enamel caries is characterized by a translucent zone.
Caries is produced when the periods of remineralization exceed those of demineralization.
Caries is produced when the periods of remineralization exceed those of demineralization.
Deep and narrow pits and fissures are less prone to decay than wide and shallow pits.
Deep and narrow pits and fissures are less prone to decay than wide and shallow pits.
Fluorapatite formed by fluoride is more soluble in acids compared to hydroxyapatite.
Fluorapatite formed by fluoride is more soluble in acids compared to hydroxyapatite.
Newly erupted teeth are generally more resistant to caries than older teeth.
Newly erupted teeth are generally more resistant to caries than older teeth.
Contact areas that are point contacts are more caries resistant than board contacts.
Contact areas that are point contacts are more caries resistant than board contacts.
The rate of progression of caries can be affected by enamel hypoplasia and enamel hypocalcification.
The rate of progression of caries can be affected by enamel hypoplasia and enamel hypocalcification.
The initial community during bacterial colonization consists of S.sanguis and Actinomyces viscosus.
The initial community during bacterial colonization consists of S.sanguis and Actinomyces viscosus.
Fluoride therapy can increase the fluoride content in the enamel surface, making it more resistant to caries.
Fluoride therapy can increase the fluoride content in the enamel surface, making it more resistant to caries.
During the rapid growth phase, bacteria arrange themselves in a triangular formation on the tooth surface.
During the rapid growth phase, bacteria arrange themselves in a triangular formation on the tooth surface.
Genetic factors play a more significant role than environmental factors in determining caries susceptibility.
Genetic factors play a more significant role than environmental factors in determining caries susceptibility.
Aciduric organisms like Veillonella and S.mutans thrive as a result of the selective replacement within plaque flora.
Aciduric organisms like Veillonella and S.mutans thrive as a result of the selective replacement within plaque flora.
Filamentous organisms are predominant in the mature community of bacterial plaque within three days.
Filamentous organisms are predominant in the mature community of bacterial plaque within three days.
Dental plaque is formed from a single type of bacterium embedded in a matrix.
Dental plaque is formed from a single type of bacterium embedded in a matrix.
The process of microbial succession results in continuous replacement of microbial communities based on environmental changes.
The process of microbial succession results in continuous replacement of microbial communities based on environmental changes.
The acquired enamel pellicle is a bacteria-rich structure that forms on tooth surfaces.
The acquired enamel pellicle is a bacteria-rich structure that forms on tooth surfaces.
The peritubular hypermineralized zone narrows the diameter of the tubules to enhance bacterial invasion.
The peritubular hypermineralized zone narrows the diameter of the tubules to enhance bacterial invasion.
Sticky sugars contribute significantly to dental caries due to their retention on teeth.
Sticky sugars contribute significantly to dental caries due to their retention on teeth.
Extracellular polysaccharides like Dextran and Levan are produced by primary colonizers in the plaque.
Extracellular polysaccharides like Dextran and Levan are produced by primary colonizers in the plaque.
The thickness of the acquired enamel pellicle can reach up to 5 μm.
The thickness of the acquired enamel pellicle can reach up to 5 μm.
Stephan's experiment aimed to analyze changes in the pH of plaque following the intake of protein.
Stephan's experiment aimed to analyze changes in the pH of plaque following the intake of protein.
The first wave of bacterial invasion in dentinal lesions consists of mixed acidogenic and proteolytic organisms.
The first wave of bacterial invasion in dentinal lesions consists of mixed acidogenic and proteolytic organisms.
Reparative dentin is laid down around and below the peritubular hypermineralized zone in response to acid attack.
Reparative dentin is laid down around and below the peritubular hypermineralized zone in response to acid attack.
Anaerobic species replace aerobic species in the deeper layers of mature dental plaque.
Anaerobic species replace aerobic species in the deeper layers of mature dental plaque.
An amorphous matrix in dental plaque comprises about 30-40% of its volume.
An amorphous matrix in dental plaque comprises about 30-40% of its volume.
Dental plaque acts as a diffusion barrier, which can slow attacks from bacterial acids.
Dental plaque acts as a diffusion barrier, which can slow attacks from bacterial acids.
Transverse clefts in dentinal tubules are formed from longitudinal orientation of liquefaction foci.
Transverse clefts in dentinal tubules are formed from longitudinal orientation of liquefaction foci.
The widening of the dentinal tubule is a result of more acids causing demineralization.
The widening of the dentinal tubule is a result of more acids causing demineralization.
The presence of oral hygiene measures has no effect on plaque formation and thickness.
The presence of oral hygiene measures has no effect on plaque formation and thickness.
Bacterial invasion in dentin occurs in a continuous manner without rest phases.
Bacterial invasion in dentin occurs in a continuous manner without rest phases.
Caries activity is primarily influenced by the total amount of carbohydrates consumed.
Caries activity is primarily influenced by the total amount of carbohydrates consumed.
Demineralization of dentin can occur passively from minerals released during the demineralization process.
Demineralization of dentin can occur passively from minerals released during the demineralization process.
Microscopic observations reveal that liquefaction foci are similar in orientation and content to transverse clefts.
Microscopic observations reveal that liquefaction foci are similar in orientation and content to transverse clefts.
What characteristic shape describes the early enamel lesion in smooth surface caries?
What characteristic shape describes the early enamel lesion in smooth surface caries?
In dental microradiography, what does the appearance of the lesion indicate about mineral distribution?
In dental microradiography, what does the appearance of the lesion indicate about mineral distribution?
What role do submicroscopic pores play in the translucent zone of early enamel caries?
What role do submicroscopic pores play in the translucent zone of early enamel caries?
How does the dark zone differ from the translucent zone in early enamel caries?
How does the dark zone differ from the translucent zone in early enamel caries?
What is the relationship between the refractive index of the mounting medium and the appearance of the translucent zone?
What is the relationship between the refractive index of the mounting medium and the appearance of the translucent zone?
What causes the dark appearance of the dark zone during transmitted light examination?
What causes the dark appearance of the dark zone during transmitted light examination?
Which microscopy technique is used to determine the percentage of enamel pores by volume?
Which microscopy technique is used to determine the percentage of enamel pores by volume?
What implications do the characteristics of the initial enamel caries lesions have for treatment decisions?
What implications do the characteristics of the initial enamel caries lesions have for treatment decisions?
What role do odontoblasts play in the peritubular hypermineralized zone?
What role do odontoblasts play in the peritubular hypermineralized zone?
How does demineralization affect the dentinal tubules during acid exposure?
How does demineralization affect the dentinal tubules during acid exposure?
What is the significance of reparative dentin in response to acid attacks?
What is the significance of reparative dentin in response to acid attacks?
Describe the difference between the first and second wave of bacterial invasion in dentinal lesions.
Describe the difference between the first and second wave of bacterial invasion in dentinal lesions.
What characterizes the phenomenon of 'beading' during bacterial invasion?
What characterizes the phenomenon of 'beading' during bacterial invasion?
What are liquefaction foci and how do they form?
What are liquefaction foci and how do they form?
Explain how transverse clefts differ from liquefaction foci in dentinal tubules.
Explain how transverse clefts differ from liquefaction foci in dentinal tubules.
What is the outcome of excessive acid exposure on the dentinal tubules?
What is the outcome of excessive acid exposure on the dentinal tubules?
What is the relationship between periods of demineralization and remineralization in the development of caries?
What is the relationship between periods of demineralization and remineralization in the development of caries?
How does the morphology of teeth influence their susceptibility to caries?
How does the morphology of teeth influence their susceptibility to caries?
What role does fluoride play in dental health?
What role does fluoride play in dental health?
What is the effect of newly erupted teeth on caries susceptibility?
What is the effect of newly erupted teeth on caries susceptibility?
How do environmental factors compare to genetic factors in influencing dental health?
How do environmental factors compare to genetic factors in influencing dental health?
What types of fissures are more resistant to caries and why?
What types of fissures are more resistant to caries and why?
What is the significance of enamel hypoplasia in relation to dental caries?
What is the significance of enamel hypoplasia in relation to dental caries?
What is the maximum fluoride concentration recommended in drinking water to prevent caries during tooth development?
What is the maximum fluoride concentration recommended in drinking water to prevent caries during tooth development?
What are the primary colonizers involved in the initial community during the colonization phase of cell-free pellicle?
What are the primary colonizers involved in the initial community during the colonization phase of cell-free pellicle?
How do secondary colonizers like Streptococcus mutans attach to the established pioneer species?
How do secondary colonizers like Streptococcus mutans attach to the established pioneer species?
What happens to less aciduric organisms like Streptococcus sanguis during the selective replacement in plaque flora?
What happens to less aciduric organisms like Streptococcus sanguis during the selective replacement in plaque flora?
Describe the arrangement of filamentous organisms in the mature community of dental plaque.
Describe the arrangement of filamentous organisms in the mature community of dental plaque.
What are the two types of polysaccharides formed in bacterial plaque?
What are the two types of polysaccharides formed in bacterial plaque?
What was the aim of Stephan's experiment regarding plaque and glucose intake?
What was the aim of Stephan's experiment regarding plaque and glucose intake?
What occurs during the rapid growth phase (8-48 hours) of bacterial colonization?
What occurs during the rapid growth phase (8-48 hours) of bacterial colonization?
How do aerobic species change in relation to anaerobic species as plaque matures?
How do aerobic species change in relation to anaerobic species as plaque matures?
What are the key features that make a bacterium cariogenic?
What are the key features that make a bacterium cariogenic?
How does Streptococcus mutans adapt its morphology in response to environmental changes?
How does Streptococcus mutans adapt its morphology in response to environmental changes?
Why can't Lactobacillus species initiate caries on smooth surfaces?
Why can't Lactobacillus species initiate caries on smooth surfaces?
What is the main role of dextran in dental plaque formation?
What is the main role of dextran in dental plaque formation?
In what way do intracellular storage polysaccharides like amylopectin benefit cariogenic bacteria?
In what way do intracellular storage polysaccharides like amylopectin benefit cariogenic bacteria?
What differentiates Streptococcus mutans from other cariogenic bacteria?
What differentiates Streptococcus mutans from other cariogenic bacteria?
What factors enable cariogenic bacteria to thrive in the mouth?
What factors enable cariogenic bacteria to thrive in the mouth?
Why is it significant that not all bacteria produce dental caries?
Why is it significant that not all bacteria produce dental caries?
How does saliva contribute to the prevention of dental caries?
How does saliva contribute to the prevention of dental caries?
What is the significance of the phase of bacterial invasion in dental caries?
What is the significance of the phase of bacterial invasion in dental caries?
How does xerostomia (dry mouth) affect dental health?
How does xerostomia (dry mouth) affect dental health?
Describe the microscopic changes that occur during the demineralization of enamel.
Describe the microscopic changes that occur during the demineralization of enamel.
What purpose do salivary glycoproteins serve in oral health?
What purpose do salivary glycoproteins serve in oral health?
What are the main inorganic components of saliva that aid in caries prevention?
What are the main inorganic components of saliva that aid in caries prevention?
Explain the role of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in saliva.
Explain the role of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in saliva.
What are the visible signs of initial enamel caries?
What are the visible signs of initial enamel caries?
Streptococcus mutans is more ______ than lactobacilli.
Streptococcus mutans is more ______ than lactobacilli.
The ability to produce ______ is one of the essential features for a bacteria to be cariogenic.
The ability to produce ______ is one of the essential features for a bacteria to be cariogenic.
Lactobacilli can only produce pit and fissure ______ in gnotobiote animals.
Lactobacilli can only produce pit and fissure ______ in gnotobiote animals.
Dextrans provide a means of ______ to smooth tooth surfaces.
Dextrans provide a means of ______ to smooth tooth surfaces.
Amylopectin serves as a reserve of fermentable ______ after dietary carbohydrates have been cleared away.
Amylopectin serves as a reserve of fermentable ______ after dietary carbohydrates have been cleared away.
Bacteria like Streptococcus mutans have ______ mechanisms for firm adhesion to tooth surfaces.
Bacteria like Streptococcus mutans have ______ mechanisms for firm adhesion to tooth surfaces.
Lactobacilli are aciduric and can survive at a low pH of ______.
Lactobacilli are aciduric and can survive at a low pH of ______.
The synthesis of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides such as ______ and levan is essential for cariogenic bacteria.
The synthesis of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides such as ______ and levan is essential for cariogenic bacteria.
Dental plaque is a tenacious bacterial structure formed on tooth ______.
Dental plaque is a tenacious bacterial structure formed on tooth ______.
The plaque matrix acts as a diffusion-limiting ______, retaining organic acids in high concentrations.
The plaque matrix acts as a diffusion-limiting ______, retaining organic acids in high concentrations.
The acquired enamel pellicle is formed by selective adsorption of specific salivary ______.
The acquired enamel pellicle is formed by selective adsorption of specific salivary ______.
Dental plaque is primarily composed of ______ and an amorphous matrix.
Dental plaque is primarily composed of ______ and an amorphous matrix.
Factors affecting plaque formation include the anatomy of the tooth and the composition of the ______.
Factors affecting plaque formation include the anatomy of the tooth and the composition of the ______.
An acquired enamel pellicle is approximately ______ μm thick.
An acquired enamel pellicle is approximately ______ μm thick.
The initial community in plaque formation is crucial for the ______ of the bacterial community.
The initial community in plaque formation is crucial for the ______ of the bacterial community.
Sticky sugars are considered the most potent cause of dental ______.
Sticky sugars are considered the most potent cause of dental ______.
The pH was recorded after two hours of the last meal and this pH is called resting ______.
The pH was recorded after two hours of the last meal and this pH is called resting ______.
Individuals were asked to rinse their mouth with 25 ml.of 10% ______.
Individuals were asked to rinse their mouth with 25 ml.of 10% ______.
The curves show that after the glucose rinse, the pH drops rapidly reaching the critical pH of ______ within 2-5 minutes.
The curves show that after the glucose rinse, the pH drops rapidly reaching the critical pH of ______ within 2-5 minutes.
The rapid fall in the pH is due to the activity of large numbers of bacteria and ______ in the dental plaque.
The rapid fall in the pH is due to the activity of large numbers of bacteria and ______ in the dental plaque.
Dental caries consists of periods of ______ and periods of remineralization.
Dental caries consists of periods of ______ and periods of remineralization.
The caries susceptible patients (C.S.P) show a lower fall in pH which remains for a longer time below the ______ level.
The caries susceptible patients (C.S.P) show a lower fall in pH which remains for a longer time below the ______ level.
The slow return in pH after the glucose rinse is due to the continued metabolism of residual ______ absorbed by the plaque.
The slow return in pH after the glucose rinse is due to the continued metabolism of residual ______ absorbed by the plaque.
As the pH continues to drop, further caries is produced when an individual continues to consume ______ or fermentable carbohydrates.
As the pH continues to drop, further caries is produced when an individual continues to consume ______ or fermentable carbohydrates.
Sucrose is considered the arch criminal of dental ______.
Sucrose is considered the arch criminal of dental ______.
Monosaccharides include ______ and fructose.
Monosaccharides include ______ and fructose.
Disaccharides like sucrose are the most ______ carbohydrates.
Disaccharides like sucrose are the most ______ carbohydrates.
Polysaccharides are considered less cariogenic because they are of high ______ weight.
Polysaccharides are considered less cariogenic because they are of high ______ weight.
Lactobacilli are present in large numbers in the saliva of persons with high ______ activity.
Lactobacilli are present in large numbers in the saliva of persons with high ______ activity.
Cariogenic bacteria, such as S. mutans, help build bacterial plaque by forming extracellular ______.
Cariogenic bacteria, such as S. mutans, help build bacterial plaque by forming extracellular ______.
Sucrose is rapidly broken down by bacterial enzymes to produce ______.
Sucrose is rapidly broken down by bacterial enzymes to produce ______.
The breakdown of polysaccharides into simple sugars is a slow process due to the action of ______.
The breakdown of polysaccharides into simple sugars is a slow process due to the action of ______.
The phase of bacterial invasion occurs when sufficient pathways are created by the action of _____.
The phase of bacterial invasion occurs when sufficient pathways are created by the action of _____.
Loss of enamel minerals leads to loss of structure, up to ____% by volume.
Loss of enamel minerals leads to loss of structure, up to ____% by volume.
The lateral spread of acids at the dentino-enamel junction gives enamel a bluish-white _____.
The lateral spread of acids at the dentino-enamel junction gives enamel a bluish-white _____.
Dentin is composed of approximately 75% ____ phase.
Dentin is composed of approximately 75% ____ phase.
The zone of _____ degeneration occurs when acids irritate the odontoblastic processes in the tubules.
The zone of _____ degeneration occurs when acids irritate the odontoblastic processes in the tubules.
Superficially to the zone of fatty degeneration, a zone of hyper____ is observed.
Superficially to the zone of fatty degeneration, a zone of hyper____ is observed.
The initial non-bacterial lesion forms deep to carious enamel before any _____ has formed.
The initial non-bacterial lesion forms deep to carious enamel before any _____ has formed.
Secondary enamel caries occurs when the acids reach the dentino-enamel _____.
Secondary enamel caries occurs when the acids reach the dentino-enamel _____.
Infected dentinal lesions are ______ and should be removed.
Infected dentinal lesions are ______ and should be removed.
Uninfected dentinal lesions are ______ and should be preserved.
Uninfected dentinal lesions are ______ and should be preserved.
The presence of ______ leads to the softening of infected dentinal tissues.
The presence of ______ leads to the softening of infected dentinal tissues.
The zone of fatty degeneration is part of ______ dentinal lesions.
The zone of fatty degeneration is part of ______ dentinal lesions.
Infected dentinal lesions often contain ______ filled with microorganisms and debris.
Infected dentinal lesions often contain ______ filled with microorganisms and debris.
Root surface caries are usually due to exposure of the neck of the tooth to the ______ environment.
Root surface caries are usually due to exposure of the neck of the tooth to the ______ environment.
In cases of severe stimuli, the death of ______ results in empty dentinal tubules.
In cases of severe stimuli, the death of ______ results in empty dentinal tubules.
The basic reactions and carious destruction of root dentin are similar to that of ______ caries.
The basic reactions and carious destruction of root dentin are similar to that of ______ caries.
Match the following phases of bacterial colonization with their characteristics:
Match the following phases of bacterial colonization with their characteristics:
Match the following microbial processes with their descriptions:
Match the following microbial processes with their descriptions:
Match the following bacterial species with their roles in dental plaque:
Match the following bacterial species with their roles in dental plaque:
Match each component of biochemical reactions in bacterial plaque with its outcome:
Match each component of biochemical reactions in bacterial plaque with its outcome:
Match the following types of interactions within the plaque flora with their outcomes:
Match the following types of interactions within the plaque flora with their outcomes:
Match the following timeframes with the associated bacterial colonization phases:
Match the following timeframes with the associated bacterial colonization phases:
Match the following substances with their roles in plaque formation:
Match the following substances with their roles in plaque formation:
Match the following terms related to Stephan's experiment with their meanings:
Match the following terms related to Stephan's experiment with their meanings:
Match the following types of carbohydrates with their characteristics regarding cariogenicity:
Match the following types of carbohydrates with their characteristics regarding cariogenicity:
Match the following enzymes with their corresponding reactions:
Match the following enzymes with their corresponding reactions:
Match the following substances with their roles in dental caries:
Match the following substances with their roles in dental caries:
Match the following attributes with their corresponding carbohydrates:
Match the following attributes with their corresponding carbohydrates:
Match each type of bacteria with its role in dental caries:
Match each type of bacteria with its role in dental caries:
Match the following features of carbohydrates with their cariogenic potential:
Match the following features of carbohydrates with their cariogenic potential:
Match the following polysaccharides with their characteristics:
Match the following polysaccharides with their characteristics:
Match the following steps with their processes in carbohydrate metabolism:
Match the following steps with their processes in carbohydrate metabolism:
Match the roles of saliva with their descriptions:
Match the roles of saliva with their descriptions:
Match the phases of enamel caries development with their descriptions:
Match the phases of enamel caries development with their descriptions:
Match the following features with the corresponding bacteria:
Match the following features with the corresponding bacteria:
Match the appearance of caries with their classification:
Match the appearance of caries with their classification:
Match the salivary components with their functions:
Match the salivary components with their functions:
Match the following characteristics with their descriptions:
Match the following characteristics with their descriptions:
Match the following acids with their associated bacteria:
Match the following acids with their associated bacteria:
Match the conditions related to saliva and dental health:
Match the conditions related to saliva and dental health:
Match the methods to identify initial enamel caries with their descriptions:
Match the methods to identify initial enamel caries with their descriptions:
Match the following statements about cariogenic bacteria:
Match the following statements about cariogenic bacteria:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the primary factors contributing to caries with their implications:
Match the primary factors contributing to caries with their implications:
Match the caries-preventive actions of saliva with their mechanisms:
Match the caries-preventive actions of saliva with their mechanisms:
Match the following sugar transport mechanisms with their descriptions:
Match the following sugar transport mechanisms with their descriptions:
Match the following polysaccharides with their roles:
Match the following polysaccharides with their roles:
Match the following bacteria with their ability to produce dental caries:
Match the following bacteria with their ability to produce dental caries:
Match the following factors with their descriptions related to dental caries:
Match the following factors with their descriptions related to dental caries:
Match the following types of pits and fissures with their caries resistance levels:
Match the following types of pits and fissures with their caries resistance levels:
Match the following fluoride supply sources with their characteristics:
Match the following fluoride supply sources with their characteristics:
Match the following genetic factors with their influences on dental caries:
Match the following genetic factors with their influences on dental caries:
Match the following actions of fluoride with their effects on dental caries:
Match the following actions of fluoride with their effects on dental caries:
Match the following types of teeth with their susceptibility to caries:
Match the following types of teeth with their susceptibility to caries:
Match the following characteristics of caries-resistant teeth with their descriptions:
Match the following characteristics of caries-resistant teeth with their descriptions:
Match the following descriptions of dental caries mechanisms with their functions:
Match the following descriptions of dental caries mechanisms with their functions:
Match the following terms with their definitions or descriptions:
Match the following terms with their definitions or descriptions:
Match the following patient types with their characteristics:
Match the following patient types with their characteristics:
Match the following pH-related phenomena with their causes:
Match the following pH-related phenomena with their causes:
Match the following processes with their order in dental caries development:
Match the following processes with their order in dental caries development:
Match the timeframes with the respective pH measurements following glucose rinse:
Match the timeframes with the respective pH measurements following glucose rinse:
Match the following contributions to pH changes with their descriptions:
Match the following contributions to pH changes with their descriptions:
Match the following pH recovery factors with their functions:
Match the following pH recovery factors with their functions:
Match the following conditions with their results on dental health:
Match the following conditions with their results on dental health:
What happens when periods of remineralization exceed periods of demineralization?
What happens when periods of remineralization exceed periods of demineralization?
What genetic factors influence tooth morphology and its susceptibility to caries?
What genetic factors influence tooth morphology and its susceptibility to caries?
Fluoride replaces the hydroxyl group in hydroxyapatite forming __________, which is less soluble in acids.
Fluoride replaces the hydroxyl group in hydroxyapatite forming __________, which is less soluble in acids.
Match the following types of fissures with their caries resistance:
Match the following types of fissures with their caries resistance:
Which of the following factors is considered more influential than genetic factors in the susceptibility to dental caries?
Which of the following factors is considered more influential than genetic factors in the susceptibility to dental caries?
Topical fluoride application is effective after the eruption of teeth.
Topical fluoride application is effective after the eruption of teeth.
Name one main action of fluoride in preventing dental caries.
Name one main action of fluoride in preventing dental caries.
Which of the following bacteria is capable of producing pit and fissure caries?
Which of the following bacteria is capable of producing pit and fissure caries?
All bacteria produce dental caries.
All bacteria produce dental caries.
What is the primary reason Streptococcus mutans is associated with the initiation of caries in humans?
What is the primary reason Streptococcus mutans is associated with the initiation of caries in humans?
Streptococcus mutans is more cariogenic than __________.
Streptococcus mutans is more cariogenic than __________.
Match the following properties to the cariogenic bacteria that exhibit them:
Match the following properties to the cariogenic bacteria that exhibit them:
Which of the following features is NOT essential for a bacteria to be considered cariogenic?
Which of the following features is NOT essential for a bacteria to be considered cariogenic?
Lactobacillus species have the ability to produce both extracellular and intracellular polysaccharides.
Lactobacillus species have the ability to produce both extracellular and intracellular polysaccharides.
Dextran acts as a barrier to the diffusion of acids from __________.
Dextran acts as a barrier to the diffusion of acids from __________.
Which of the following factors is NOT a contributing factor to dental caries?
Which of the following factors is NOT a contributing factor to dental caries?
The production of caries-like lesions can occur in the absence of bacteria.
The production of caries-like lesions can occur in the absence of bacteria.
What type of environment did Orland's experiment create to study dental caries?
What type of environment did Orland's experiment create to study dental caries?
Dental caries leads to the demineralization of the inorganic portion of the tooth and destruction of the _______ substance.
Dental caries leads to the demineralization of the inorganic portion of the tooth and destruction of the _______ substance.
Match the type of caries to the corresponding bacteria:
Match the type of caries to the corresponding bacteria:
What is a primary source of minerals in the peritubular hypermineralized zone?
What is a primary source of minerals in the peritubular hypermineralized zone?
Which experiment initially suggested that caries result from the fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria?
Which experiment initially suggested that caries result from the fermentation of carbohydrates by bacteria?
The zone of hypomineralization results in a decrease in the diameter of dentinal tubules.
The zone of hypomineralization results in a decrease in the diameter of dentinal tubules.
What type of organisms make up the second wave of bacterial invasion?
What type of organisms make up the second wave of bacterial invasion?
What key role do cariogenic bacteria play in the process of dental caries?
What key role do cariogenic bacteria play in the process of dental caries?
Gnotobiotes are those animals that are maintained in a germ-free environment.
Gnotobiotes are those animals that are maintained in a germ-free environment.
The ____________ phase refers to the alternating active and resting phases of micro-organisms during bacterial invasion.
The ____________ phase refers to the alternating active and resting phases of micro-organisms during bacterial invasion.
Match the following zones with their characteristics:
Match the following zones with their characteristics:
What is the primary result of the liquefaction foci and transverse clefts?
What is the primary result of the liquefaction foci and transverse clefts?
Reparative dentin is formed as a defense reaction of the pulp against acid attack.
Reparative dentin is formed as a defense reaction of the pulp against acid attack.
What occurs as a result of bacterial invasion in the dentin?
What occurs as a result of bacterial invasion in the dentin?
What is the primary effect of acid on dentin during the early stages of caries?
What is the primary effect of acid on dentin during the early stages of caries?
The phase of secondary enamel caries involves the lateral spread of acids reaching the enamel.
The phase of secondary enamel caries involves the lateral spread of acids reaching the enamel.
What percentage of the mineral phase is found in dentine?
What percentage of the mineral phase is found in dentine?
In an uninfected dentinal lesion, the first zone affected by acid attack is the zone of ______.
In an uninfected dentinal lesion, the first zone affected by acid attack is the zone of ______.
Match the phase of caries development with its description:
Match the phase of caries development with its description:
What major effect occurs to enamel when acids reach the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ)?
What major effect occurs to enamel when acids reach the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ)?
The zone of hypermineralization lies superficially to the zone of fatty degeneration in dentinal lesions.
The zone of hypermineralization lies superficially to the zone of fatty degeneration in dentinal lesions.
Describe the appearance of enamel when secondary caries occurs.
Describe the appearance of enamel when secondary caries occurs.
What happens to infected dentinal lesions?
What happens to infected dentinal lesions?
Uninfected dentinal lesions involve the presence of bacteria.
Uninfected dentinal lesions involve the presence of bacteria.
What changes occur in dentin as a reaction to caries?
What changes occur in dentin as a reaction to caries?
In root surface caries, the _____ junction presents a bacterial retention site.
In root surface caries, the _____ junction presents a bacterial retention site.
Match the following types of dentinal lesions with their descriptions:
Match the following types of dentinal lesions with their descriptions:
Which zone is NOT found in uninfected dentinal lesions?
Which zone is NOT found in uninfected dentinal lesions?
Root surface caries develop due to gingival recession exposing the neck of the tooth.
Root surface caries develop due to gingival recession exposing the neck of the tooth.
What is the primary factor leading to microbial invasion in root surface caries?
What is the primary factor leading to microbial invasion in root surface caries?
Flashcards
What is Dental Caries?
What is Dental Caries?
Dental caries is a destructive disease that weakens the tooth structure due to the breakdown of enamel and dentin. It is caused by an interaction between cariogenic bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates, and vulnerable tooth surfaces.
What is the role of bacteria in dental caries?
What is the role of bacteria in dental caries?
Cariogenic bacteria are the primary culprits in dental caries. These bacteria feed on sugars and produce acids that attack the tooth's enamel and dentin, causing demineralization.
What are fermentable carbohydrates?
What are fermentable carbohydrates?
Fermentable carbohydrates are sugars and starches that bacteria can break down into acids. Common examples include sugars, candies, and starchy foods. The frequent consumption of these foods contributes to the development of dental caries.
What makes a tooth susceptible to caries?
What makes a tooth susceptible to caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does time affect dental caries?
How does time affect dental caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is dental plaque?
What is dental plaque?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What did Miller's experiment demonstrate?
What did Miller's experiment demonstrate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What did Orland’s experiment prove?
What did Orland’s experiment prove?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are cariogenic bacteria?
What are cariogenic bacteria?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is acidogenic?
What is acidogenic?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is aciduric?
What is aciduric?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are dextrans?
What are dextrans?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is amylopectin?
What is amylopectin?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is active sugar transport?
What is active sugar transport?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are attachment mechanisms?
What are attachment mechanisms?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Streptococcus mutans?
What is Streptococcus mutans?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dental Plaque
Dental Plaque
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acquired Enamel Pellicle
Acquired Enamel Pellicle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Microorganisms in Plaque
Microorganisms in Plaque
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plaque Matrix
Plaque Matrix
Signup and view all the flashcards
Organic Acids in Plaque
Organic Acids in Plaque
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diffusion-Limiting Membrane
Diffusion-Limiting Membrane
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stages of Plaque Formation
Stages of Plaque Formation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Frequency and Texture of Carbohydrates
Frequency and Texture of Carbohydrates
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the primary colonizers in plaque formation?
What are the primary colonizers in plaque formation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the secondary colonizers in plaque formation?
What are the secondary colonizers in plaque formation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Microbial Succession in plaque?
What is Microbial Succession in plaque?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the mature community in dental plaque?
What is the mature community in dental plaque?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Demineralization in dental caries?
What is Demineralization in dental caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Remineralization in dental caries?
What is Remineralization in dental caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What was Stephan's Experiment?
What was Stephan's Experiment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Xerostomia
Xerostomia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Buffering capacity of saliva
Buffering capacity of saliva
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inorganic components of saliva
Inorganic components of saliva
Signup and view all the flashcards
Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)
Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anti-bacterial substances in saliva
Anti-bacterial substances in saliva
Signup and view all the flashcards
Initial enamel caries
Initial enamel caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Histopathology of enamel caries
Histopathology of enamel caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Translucent Zone in Enamel Caries
Translucent Zone in Enamel Caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dark Zone in Enamel Caries
Dark Zone in Enamel Caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cone-shaped Enamel Lesion (Smooth Surfaces)
Cone-shaped Enamel Lesion (Smooth Surfaces)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Double Cone Enamel Lesion (Pits and Fissures)
Double Cone Enamel Lesion (Pits and Fissures)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Progression of Enamel Caries
Progression of Enamel Caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Demineralization in Enamel Caries
Demineralization in Enamel Caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Remineralization in Enamel Caries
Remineralization in Enamel Caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Remineralization in Enamel Caries
Remineralization in Enamel Caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Initial Colonization of Plaque
Initial Colonization of Plaque
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rapid Growth Phase in Plaque
Rapid Growth Phase in Plaque
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intermediate Community in Plaque
Intermediate Community in Plaque
Signup and view all the flashcards
Microbial Succession in Plaque
Microbial Succession in Plaque
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mature Community in Plaque
Mature Community in Plaque
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stephan's Experiment
Stephan's Experiment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Demineralization
Demineralization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Remineralization
Remineralization
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Acquired Enamel Pellicle?
What is the Acquired Enamel Pellicle?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does the plaque matrix trap acids?
How does the plaque matrix trap acids?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What was Orland's experiment?
What was Orland's experiment?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does sugar impact tooth decay?
How does sugar impact tooth decay?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What did Miller's experiment prove?
What did Miller's experiment prove?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do bacteria in plaque cause tooth decay?
How do bacteria in plaque cause tooth decay?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Peritubular Hypermineralized Zone
Peritubular Hypermineralized Zone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reduced Tubule Diameter
Reduced Tubule Diameter
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reparative Dentin
Reparative Dentin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Zone of Hypomineralization
Zone of Hypomineralization
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pioneer Bacteria
Pioneer Bacteria
Signup and view all the flashcards
Beading
Beading
Signup and view all the flashcards
Liquefaction Foci
Liquefaction Foci
Signup and view all the flashcards
Two Waves of Bacterial Invasion
Two Waves of Bacterial Invasion
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the key roles of saliva in protecting teeth?
What are the key roles of saliva in protecting teeth?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is saliva?
What is saliva?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is xerostomia?
What is xerostomia?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the buffering capacity of saliva?
What is the buffering capacity of saliva?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is initial enamel caries?
What is initial enamel caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the histopathology of enamel caries?
What is the histopathology of enamel caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the phase of initiation in enamel caries?
What is the phase of initiation in enamel caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the phase of bacterial invasion in enamel caries?
What is the phase of bacterial invasion in enamel caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Infected Dentinal Lesion
Infected Dentinal Lesion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Uninfected Dentinal Lesion
Uninfected Dentinal Lesion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Zone of Fatty Degeneration
Zone of Fatty Degeneration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tubular Sclerosis
Tubular Sclerosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dead Tract
Dead Tract
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dental Caries
Dental Caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Regular Reactionary Dentin
Regular Reactionary Dentin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Arrested Caries
Arrested Caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fluoride's Cariostatic Effect
Fluoride's Cariostatic Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetics and Dental Caries
Genetics and Dental Caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fluoride's Remineralization Effect
Fluoride's Remineralization Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fluoride's Antibacterial Effect
Fluoride's Antibacterial Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Susceptible Tooth
Susceptible Tooth
Signup and view all the flashcards
Post-Eruptive Maturation
Post-Eruptive Maturation
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is histopathology of enamel caries?
What is histopathology of enamel caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is fluoride's cariostatic effect?
What is fluoride's cariostatic effect?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Translucent Zone
Translucent Zone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dark Zone
Dark Zone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cone-shaped Enamel Lesion
Cone-shaped Enamel Lesion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Double Cone Enamel Lesion
Double Cone Enamel Lesion
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are dextrans and levans?
What are dextrans and levans?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Lactobacillus species?
What is Lactobacillus species?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What causes dental caries?
What causes dental caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is arrested caries?
What is arrested caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What makes a tooth more susceptible to caries?
What makes a tooth more susceptible to caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does fluoride help prevent cavities?
How does fluoride help prevent cavities?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the three main actions of fluoride on teeth?
What are the three main actions of fluoride on teeth?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do genetics & environment influence caries risk?
How do genetics & environment influence caries risk?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is post-eruptive maturation?
What is post-eruptive maturation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Where can we get fluoride?
Where can we get fluoride?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does Sucrose contribute to dental caries?
How does Sucrose contribute to dental caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why are polysaccharides less cariogenic than disaccharides?
Why are polysaccharides less cariogenic than disaccharides?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of Lactobacilli in dental caries?
What is the role of Lactobacilli in dental caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the role of Lactobacilli in dental caries?
What is the role of Lactobacilli in dental caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do Lactobacilli contribute to dental caries?
How do Lactobacilli contribute to dental caries?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are aciduric bacteria?
What are aciduric bacteria?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are acidogenic bacteria?
What are acidogenic bacteria?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are Lactobacilli?
What are Lactobacilli?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is demineralization?
What is demineralization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is remineralization?
What is remineralization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is acquired enamel pellicle?
What is acquired enamel pellicle?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What did Orland's experiment show?
What did Orland's experiment show?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does sugar affect tooth decay?
How does sugar affect tooth decay?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do bacteria cause tooth decay?
How do bacteria cause tooth decay?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phase of Bacterial Invasion
Phase of Bacterial Invasion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phase of Destruction
Phase of Destruction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phase of Secondary Enamel Caries
Phase of Secondary Enamel Caries
Signup and view all the flashcards
Initial Dentinal Lesion
Initial Dentinal Lesion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Resting pH
Resting pH
Signup and view all the flashcards
Critical pH
Critical pH
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stephan's Curve
Stephan's Curve
Signup and view all the flashcards
Caries Susceptible Patients (C.S.P.)
Caries Susceptible Patients (C.S.P.)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Caries Resistant Patients (C.R.P.)
Caries Resistant Patients (C.R.P.)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acidogenic Bacteria
Acidogenic Bacteria
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aciduric Bacteria
Aciduric Bacteria
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dextrans and Levans
Dextrans and Levans
Signup and view all the flashcards
Active Sugar Transport
Active Sugar Transport
Signup and view all the flashcards
Streptococcus Mutans
Streptococcus Mutans
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lactobacillus species
Lactobacillus species
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Initial Colonization of Plaque?
What is the Initial Colonization of Plaque?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Intermediate Community in Plaque?
What is the Intermediate Community in Plaque?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Mature Community in Plaque?
What is the Mature Community in Plaque?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sugar Challenge
Sugar Challenge
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is sucrose so bad for teeth?
Why is sucrose so bad for teeth?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why are polysaccharides less harmful to teeth?
Why are polysaccharides less harmful to teeth?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lactobacilli in tooth decay
Lactobacilli in tooth decay
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does sucrose contribute to plaque formation?
How does sucrose contribute to plaque formation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the 'Corn on the Cob' arrangement?
What is the 'Corn on the Cob' arrangement?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a zone of hypomineralization?
What is a zone of hypomineralization?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do bacteria invade dentin?
How do bacteria invade dentin?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Acidogenic
Acidogenic
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aciduric
Aciduric
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Dental Caries Definition
- Dental caries is a progressive microbial disease affecting hard tooth structures.
- It is characterized by the demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth.
Etiology of Dental Caries
- Contributing factors to dental caries include:
- Cariogenic bacteria
- Fermentable carbohydrates
- Susceptible tooth and saliva
- Time
- Means of localization of microorganisms and substrate on tooth surfaces (dental plaque).
Cariogenic Bacteria
- Cariogenic bacteria produce acids from the fermentation of carbohydrates.
- These acids lead to demineralization of enamel and dentin.
- Bacteria like Streptococcus mutans are more cariogenic than Lactobacilli. Streptococcus mutans are also acidogenic and aciduric, fermenting a variety of sugars, and are highly acid tolerant, closely associated with caries initiation.
- Lactobacillus species are also acidogenic and aciduric, and capable of producing pit and fissure caries, but less so in smooth surface caries.
- Streptococcus mutans are associated with the initiation of caries and contribute to the formation of extracellular polysaccharides.
Miller's Experiment
- Miller's work demonstrated the role of caries-like lesions produced by incubating teeth in saliva with added carbohydrates.
- He suggested that the process results from carbohydrate fermentation by bacteria in saliva.
- The resulting acid leads to enamel and dentin demineralization.
Orland's Experiment
- Aim: To determine if bacteria is essential for dental caries.
- Method: Pregnant rats were placed in sterile environments and divided into two groups: one group in sterile conditions, the other under normal conditions.
- Both were fed cariogenic diets.
- Result: The group maintained under sterile conditions (bacteria free) did not develop dental caries.
Production of Gnotobiotes (Germfree animals)
- Aim: To identify specific bacteria causing dental caries.
- Method: Germ-free rats were fed cariogenic diets containing different types of bacteria (streptococci, lactobacilli, etc.).
- Observation: Only rats fed cariogenic diets containing Streptococcus mutans developed smooth-surface caries.
Essential Features for Cariogenic Bacteria
- Ability to produce acids (acidogenic)
- Ability to survive in an acidic environment (aciduric)
- Synthesis of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (dextrans and levan)
- Synthesis and utilization of intracellular storage polysaccharides (amylopectin)
- Ability to actively transport fermentable sugars
- Attachment mechanisms for firm adhesion to tooth surfaces
Streptococcus Mutans
- Able to ferment a variety of sugars (acidogenic)
- Very acid-tolerant; can survive in low pH environments (aciduric)
- Synthesizes extracellular polysaccharides (dextran and levan), enabling adhesion.
- Key role in the initiation of caries.
Lactobacillus Species
- Acidogenic and aciduric.
- Capable of producing pit and fissure caries in certain animal models but not as significant in smooth surface caries.
- Not all bacteria produce dental caries.
Role of Fermentable Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrate types vary in cariogenicity, with sucrose (due to low molecular weight and rapid breakdown to acids) being particularly important.
- Sticky carbohydrates remain in the mouth longer, increasing the cariogenic effect.
- Carbohydrate refining increases cariogenicity due to a higher concentration of fermentable carbohydrates.
Vipeholm Experiment
- This experiment investigated the effects of amount, frequency, and texture of carbohydrates on dental caries.
- Results suggested that frequent intake and sticky carbohydrates caused more widespread caries.
- Further, eating sticky carbohydrates, like candies, between meals, was associated with highest caries activity.
Dental Plaque Composition
- Microorganisms (60-70% volume)
- Amorphous matrix (30-40% volume) (proteins, carbohydrates, inorganic materials)
- Plaque is a biofilm
- Plaque is a tenacious bacterial structure formed on tooth surfaces that consists of a diverse community of bacteria embedded within an extracellular matrix.
Plaque Matrix Role
- Acts as a diffusion-limiting membrane: retains produced acid in high concentration.
- Contributes to adhesiveness and resists being washed away by saliva.
Factors Affecting Plaque Formation/Thickness
- Tooth anatomy and position
- Presence of appliances
- Tooth surface structures
- Friction from food (chewing)
- Oral hygiene
- Diet
Mechanism of Plaque Formation
- Formation of acquired enamel pellicle
- Colonization of cell-free pellicle by bacteria (initiation and intermediate communities leading to a mature community)
Microbial Succession
- Replacement of microbial communities over time in response to environmental changes.
Biochemical Reactions in Plaque
- Acid production
- Formation of extracellular polysaccharides
- Formation of intracellular polysaccharides
- Demineralization
- Remineralization
Stephan's Experiment
- Recorded changes in pH of plaque following glucose intake.
- Caries susceptibility related to length of time pH remained below critical level (5.5).
Demineralization and Remineralization
- Periods of demineralization and remineralization are dynamic processes during caries.
- Remineralization occurs when sugar intake ceases and oral hygiene is improved.
- Excessive demineralization leads to caries development; remineralization can halt or stop progression.
Host Factors (Susceptible Tooth):
- Dental position and alignment
- Tooth morphology (pits and fissures are more susceptible than smooth surfaces; deep narrow fissures more susceptible)
- Presence of restorations (crowding)
- Tooth structure (enamel hypoplasia, enamel hypocalcification)
- Fluoride content (higher fluoride content leads to greater resistance)
Saliva
- Specific salivary glycoproteins initially protect enamel.
- Saliva flow cleanses the mouth and neutralizes acids produced in the plaque.
- Reduced saliva flow can increase caries risk.
Pathology of Dental Caries
- Macroscopic appearance: white spot lesions
- Microscopic appearance: alternating demineralization-remineralization periods leading to caries.
- Stages of dental caries: initiation, bacterial invasion, destruction, secondary enamel caries
- Methods of identifying initial enamel caries (using light microscopy, polarization microscopy, or microhardness testing or micro-radiography).
- Zones of enamel caries: translucent zone, dark zone, body of the lesion, representing demineralization. Also includes zones of hypermineralization (sclerosis) and hypomineralization (demineralized).
- Stages and zones of dentinal caries (initial, infected, and destruction), detailing the zones of demineralization, hypermineralization and fatty degeneration are also detailed. Include the formation of transverse clefts, which are perpendicular to the dentinal tubules, and the liquefaction foci, which are longitudinal
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the definition and etiology of dental caries, detailing its progressive nature and the role of cariogenic bacteria. It highlights the factors contributing to dental decay and discusses Miller's experiment that illustrates the process of demineralization of tooth structures. Test your understanding of these concepts and their implications for oral health.
