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Questions and Answers
Which attribute is NOT commonly found in anterior teeth?
Which attribute is NOT commonly found in anterior teeth?
What is the term for the crown's cutting edge in an incisor?
What is the term for the crown's cutting edge in an incisor?
What anatomical feature marks the boundary where enamel meets cementum?
What anatomical feature marks the boundary where enamel meets cementum?
How many incisors are present in total in an adult's complete dentition?
How many incisors are present in total in an adult's complete dentition?
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What type of dental anomaly is referred to as 'Dens in Dente'?
What type of dental anomaly is referred to as 'Dens in Dente'?
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Which function do canines primarily serve?
Which function do canines primarily serve?
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How many canines does an adult have in a complete dentition?
How many canines does an adult have in a complete dentition?
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Which of the following is NOT a developmental lobe configuration of anterior teeth?
Which of the following is NOT a developmental lobe configuration of anterior teeth?
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Which permanent teeth typically erupt first in the mandibular arch?
Which permanent teeth typically erupt first in the mandibular arch?
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What is the age range indicating the mixed dentition stage?
What is the age range indicating the mixed dentition stage?
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At what age do the maxillary first molars generally erupt?
At what age do the maxillary first molars generally erupt?
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Which primary tooth is typically the last to exfoliate?
Which primary tooth is typically the last to exfoliate?
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What is the correct order of eruption for the mandibular incisors?
What is the correct order of eruption for the mandibular incisors?
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What primarily determines the shade of enamel on a tooth?
What primarily determines the shade of enamel on a tooth?
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What is the main composition of dentin?
What is the main composition of dentin?
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Which type of dentin is formed as a response to trauma or dental caries?
Which type of dentin is formed as a response to trauma or dental caries?
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What role do blood vessels in the pulp serve?
What role do blood vessels in the pulp serve?
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What is the primary function of cementum?
What is the primary function of cementum?
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Which type of dentin forms before the tooth erupts?
Which type of dentin forms before the tooth erupts?
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What primarily happens to the pulp over time?
What primarily happens to the pulp over time?
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Which of these statements about dentinal tubules is correct?
Which of these statements about dentinal tubules is correct?
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What distinguishes the mesial from the distal cusp in the 3-cusped version of the mandibular second premolar?
What distinguishes the mesial from the distal cusp in the 3-cusped version of the mandibular second premolar?
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Which characteristic is unique to maxillary molars compared to maxillary premolars?
Which characteristic is unique to maxillary molars compared to maxillary premolars?
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What is the height of contour for the mesial contact area of the maxillary lateral incisors?
What is the height of contour for the mesial contact area of the maxillary lateral incisors?
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Which of the following best defines the shape of the crown of the maxillary first molar?
Which of the following best defines the shape of the crown of the maxillary first molar?
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What is the primary function of maxillary molars?
What is the primary function of maxillary molars?
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What feature separates the mesial and distal fossae in maxillary canines?
What feature separates the mesial and distal fossae in maxillary canines?
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Which groove configuration is NOT associated with the mandibular second premolar?
Which groove configuration is NOT associated with the mandibular second premolar?
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How many cusps can be seen on the maxillary first molar?
How many cusps can be seen on the maxillary first molar?
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What is the primary purpose of the appliance attached to the primary second molar?
What is the primary purpose of the appliance attached to the primary second molar?
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How do the roots of primary teeth generally compare to those of permanent teeth?
How do the roots of primary teeth generally compare to those of permanent teeth?
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Which of the following teeth does NOT have a predecessor?
Which of the following teeth does NOT have a predecessor?
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Which sequence typically describes the mandibular eruption of primary teeth?
Which sequence typically describes the mandibular eruption of primary teeth?
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What characteristic distinguishes primary dentition from permanent dentition?
What characteristic distinguishes primary dentition from permanent dentition?
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Which of the following is true regarding the eruption of teeth?
Which of the following is true regarding the eruption of teeth?
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What is a distinguishing feature of the primary molars compared to permanent molars?
What is a distinguishing feature of the primary molars compared to permanent molars?
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At what age does the permanent first molar typically erupt in the mandibular arch?
At what age does the permanent first molar typically erupt in the mandibular arch?
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What percentage of total saliva volume does the parotid salivary gland contribute?
What percentage of total saliva volume does the parotid salivary gland contribute?
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Where is Von Ebner's salivary gland located?
Where is Von Ebner's salivary gland located?
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Which major salivary gland is the smallest?
Which major salivary gland is the smallest?
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What structure may block the ducts of salivary glands, preventing saliva flow?
What structure may block the ducts of salivary glands, preventing saliva flow?
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Which of the following glands lies beneath the mandible?
Which of the following glands lies beneath the mandible?
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Which papillae type is associated with the circumvallate papillae?
Which papillae type is associated with the circumvallate papillae?
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What is the main function of the submandibular gland?
What is the main function of the submandibular gland?
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What duct is associated with the submandibular gland?
What duct is associated with the submandibular gland?
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Study Notes
Module 1
- The tongue is a thick, muscular organ with two main parts: the oral tongue (body) and the base of tongue.
- The oral tongue and the base are separated by circumvallate papillae, dome-shaped projections housing taste buds.
- Four parts of the tongue base are: tip (apex), lateral border (one on each side), dorsal surface (top), and ventral surface (bottom).
Salivary Glands
- Parotid: largest salivary gland, producing 25% of saliva, with Stensen's duct connecting to the mouth, located below and in front of the ear.
- Submandibular: produces 60-65% of saliva, connecting to the oral cavity via Wharton's duct, beneath the mandible.
- Sublingual: smallest salivary gland, producing 10% of saliva and delivering it via Bartholin's duct, located below the tongue.
Enamel
- The hardest tissue in the human body, primarily composed of inorganic matter (96%).
- Enamel is produced by ameloblast cells during tooth development.
- Enamel thickness and mineralization determine shade, with more enamel correlating to whiter teeth and greater mineralization increasing translucency.
Dentin
- Forms the bulk of the tooth, composed of 70% inorganic matter and 30% organic matter.
- Softer than enamel but harder than cementum.
- Dentin-producing cells are called odontoblasts.
- Dentinal tubules connect the pulp to the enamel or cementum, making them excellent thermal conductors.
- Three types of dentin: primary (formed before eruption), secondary (formed after eruption), and tertiary (reparative).
Pulp
- Composed of blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerve tissue, and odontoblasts.
- Provides nourishment to cells and white blood cells to fight infection.
- Lymph vessels filter fluids and nerve tissue provides sensory function.
- Odontoblasts form the walls of the pulp, which contains dentin and shrinks over time.
Cementum
- A bone-like, rigid connective tissue covering the root of the tooth.
- It works with the periodontal ligament to protect and anchor the tooth to the bony socket within the periodontium.
- Composed of approximately 50% inorganic matter and 50% organic matter.
- Cementoblasts produce cementum.
Modules 2, 3, & 4
- Morphology (of permanent teeth): Anterior teeth, premolar teeth, molar teeth.
Mastication
- The lips, tongue, teeth, jaw, and jaw muscles work together to chew food.
- Incisors cut food.
- Canines tear or separate food.
- Premolars and molars grind food.
Attributes of Anterior Teeth
- Cingulum: round, raised bump on the cervical third of the tooth.
- Marginal ridges: raised borders on mesial and distal surfaces.
- Fossa: wide, shallow depression.
- Root: single root for each tooth.
- Developmental lobes: three labial (mamelons) and one lingual (cingulum).
Maxillary Central Incisors (Lingual View)
- Lingual fossa: depression on the lingual surface.
Maxillary Lateral Incisors (Anomalies)
- Peg Laterals: small, often pointed teeth due to abnormal development.
- Dens in Dente: tooth within a tooth, also termed Dens Invaginatus.
Parts of a Tooth
- Cervical Line: line where enamel meets cementum.
- Apex: end of the root of the tooth.
Types of Teeth - Incisors
- There are 8 incisors in the adult dentition: 4 in each jaw.
- Located in the front of the mouth and are shaped for cutting.
- Incisal edge is the cutting edge of the incisor.
Types of Teeth - Canines
- There are 4 canines in the adult dentition: 2 in each jaw.
- Located toward the front of the oral cavity.
- Pointed area is called a cusp.
- Shape is for piercing, holding, tearing, and breaking down food.
Root Canals
- Mandible Premolars: usually have one canal.
- Maxillary Premolars: often two canals.
Proximal Surface
- The surface of a tooth that touches its adjacent tooth in the same arch.
Summary of Parts of a Tooth
- Labelled diagram of tooth parts (Fossa, Enamel, Dentin, Cemento-enamel Junction, Cusp, Pulp Chamber, Cementum, Pulp, Pulp Canal, Apex).
Universal Numbering System
- A system for assigning numbers (1-32) to identify each tooth in the oral cavity.
- The maxillary right third molar is tooth #1.
Palmer Numbering System
- System for classifying the positions of teeth.
- Classifies permanent and deciduous teeth separately.
FDI Numbering System
- Also a system used to assign and track teeth.
- Two-digit numbering system used for adults.
Height of Contour
- The area of the surface outline with the maximum curvature (convexity) that bulges outward the most.
Division of Teeth into Thirds
- Dividing teeth vertically and horizontally to define and describe sections of the tooth.
- Dividing teeth into apical, middle, and cervical thirds.
Maxillary Central Incisors
- Mesioincisal angle is sharper than distoincisal angle.
- Straight incisal edge.
Characteristics of Maxillary Lateral Incisor - Crown
- Wide variety in tooth form.
- Often malformed ("peg lateral").
- One of the most commonly misshaped teeth in the mouth.
- Common tooth to be missing.
Maxillary Lateral Incisors - Lingual View - Crown
- Prominent marginal ridges and cingulum.
- More concave lingual fossa compared to central incisors.
Maxillary Lateral Incisors - Lingual View - Crown
- Possible deep developmental pit or groove on the root.
General Characteristics of Canines
- Have the longest roots of all teeth.
- Tend to be stable and among the last teeth lost.
Maxillary Canines - Lingual View
- Lingual ridge is present and separates mesial and distal fossae.
- Mesial and distal marginal ridges create boundaries for mesial and distal fossae.
Contact Areas
- Table of contact areas for each maxillary and mandibular tooth type, segmented into thirds.
Maxillary Lateral Incisors
- The height of contour is where the tooth bulges out most.
How many roots?
- Table and diagram showing how many roots various teeth have (molars, premolars, cuspid, incisors).
Maxillary Second Premolar
- Structure is similar to maxillary first premolar in facial view.
- Generally has one root.
Mandibular Second Premolar
- Mostly 3-cusped, with mesial cusp longer and larger than distolingual cusp, for distinguishing mesial from distal.
- Y-shaped (3 cusps), H-shaped (2 cusps), and U-shaped (2 cusps) groove configurations are possible.
Maxillary Molars - General Characteristics
- Have three roots (mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and lingual/palatal).
- The largest and strongest teeth in the mouth, primarily for crushing and grinding.
Maxillary First Molar - Occlusal View
- Crown shape is rhomboidal.
- Five visible cusps (mesiolingual, mesiobuccal, distobuccal, distolingual, and Carabelli).
- Oblique ridge present in permanent maxillary molars.
Module 6 & 7
- Stages and development of the teeth, eruption sequence, primary dentition, dental anomalies.
Primary Dentition
- There are 20 primary (deciduous) teeth
- Designated by letters "A" to "T" in Universal numbering system.
- Eruption is usually complete by the age of 3-4 years.
- Roots begin resorption by age 5 due to permanent tooth eruption.
- Primary teeth (predecessors) are replaced by succedaneous teeth. Resorbing primary roots guide permanent teeth into proper position
Primary Dentition
- Resorbing primary roots provide a pathway of least resistance for the eruption of permanent teeth into proper position.
- Primary teeth maintain space to accommodate the eruption of permanent teeth.
Primary Dentition
- Premature loss of primary teeth can cause drifting of adjacent teeth, potentially leading to improper occlusion and impacted permanent teeth, necessitating orthodontic treatment.
- Space maintainers can be used in cases with premature loss to prevent drifting.
Primary Dentition
- Radiographic example of appliance attached to a primary molar maintaining space for a permanent first premolar.
The Primary Dentition Compared to the Permanent Dentition
- The primary dentition is lighter in shade overall.
- Primary roots are flared, proportionately longer and narrower than the permanent teeth, ensuring room for the developing permanent crowns.
Development of the Dentition and Eruption
- Permanent and primary teeth erupt in a specific order (eruption sequence).
- Usually mandibular precedes maxillary eruption.
Development of the Dentition and Eruption
- Permanent first, second and third molars do not have a predecessor, they are NOT succedaneous teeth
- Table illustrating the most common eruption order for permanent teeth, with mandibular eruption typically preceding maxillary eruption.
Development of the Dentition and Eruption
- All primary teeth are not exfoliated at once..
- The first permanent molars are typically the first to erupt.
- The period between ages 6-12 is known as the mixed dentition stage.
Development of the Dentition and Eruption
- Patient's age can be estimated by the stage of tooth eruption.
Mixed Dentition
- Mixed dentition, occurring between ages 6-12.
- Both primary and permanent teeth are present.
- Begins with eruption of the first permanent mandibular molar.
- Ends with shedding of the last primary tooth.
Mixed Dentition-eruption ages
- Tables showing eruption and exfoliation ages for primary and permanent teeth. Separate tables for upper and lower teeth, naming each tooth type.
Module 8
- Development of the face and neck, bones of the head and neck.
Cranial bones and the facial skeleton
- Identifies and labels several cranial bones (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, vomer, mental foramen) on a diagram of the complete human skull. Facial skeleton bones (Parietal, Nasal, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Mandible, Alveolar process, Symphysis) are also labeled.
Mandibular Bones
- Diagram and labels of mandibular bones (condyle, mandibular (sigmoid) notch, ramus, external oblique ridge, mandibular angle, border of the mandible, mental foramen, mental protuberance, coronoid process, mandibular foramen, retromolar area, internal oblique ridge, submandibular fossa, lingual foramen) - note these are all on the diagram.
Temporomandibular Joint
- Components of the TMJ include the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone, the articular eminence of the temporal bone, and the condyloid process of the mandible, all shown in a labelled diagram (capsule ligament, glenoid fossa, meniscus, articular eminence).
Module 9
- Muscles of the head and neck, innervation of the head and neck.
Muscles of the Mastication
- Identifies and labels muscles of mastication (temporal muscles, masseter muscles, internal pterygoid muscles, external pterygoid muscles).
Trigeminal Nerve
- The largest cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve), innervating the maxilla and mandible. It has three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves.
Module 10 & 11
- Circulation of the head and neck, glands, lymphatic system, paranasal sinuses, histology of oral mucous membranes, the tongue.
Arteries and Veins
- Veins carry oxygen-depleted blood to the heart; arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
Major Salivary Glands
- Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Illustrates each gland and its duct.
Minor Salivary Glands
- Smaller than the major salivary glands, located in various oral tissues.
- Von Ebner's salivary glands associated with the circumvallate lingual papillae.
Papillae
- Small structures on the dorsal portion of the tongue.
- Four types: Circumvallate, Fungiform, Filiform, and Foliate.
Parotid Salivary Gland
- Largest of the major salivary glands, about 25% of saliva production.
- Located below and in front of the ear.
- Opens near the buccal surface of the maxillary second molars through Stensen's duct.
Submandibular Salivary Gland
- Second largest salivary gland (60-65% of saliva production).
- Located beneath the mandible, posterior to the sublingual salivary gland.
- Releases saliva through the submandibular duct (Wharton's duct), which opens in the sublingual caruncles.
Sublingual Salivary Gland
- Smallest of the major salivary glands (approx. 10% of saliva production).
- Relates to sublingual ducts and is found in the floor of the mouth.
- Can have stones (sialoliths) that may block saliva flow and require surgical removal.
Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck
- Dental professionals must examine and palpate lymph nodes during extraoral exams to check for signs of infection or cancer.
- Lymph nodes associated with structures in the oral cavity, such as the teeth and throat, drain into these nodes.
Lymph Nodes
- Lymph nodes are small, oval structures in lymph vessels, crucial for the immune response.
- They swell and become tender in response to infection due to the gathering of lymphocytes to attack invading material.
Sinuses
- Air-filled cavities in the skull: Maxillary sinuses, frontal sinuses, ethmoid sinuses, and sphenoid sinuses.
- Located within specific skull bones and vary in shape; their location relative to nerves is pertinent to potential damage during infection.
Module 11
- Introduction to histology, histology of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle, nerve, tooth, and surrounding structures.
Enamel
- Enamel rods are made of head and tail regions, interlocking for maximum structure.
- The enamel matrix is produced by ameloblast cells, with Tomes' process guiding the matrix.
- The interprismatic substance is the weaker component of enamel.
Enamel
- Imbrication lines (perikymata) are incremental growth lines visible as linear grooves, appearing on the enamel surface.
Dentin
- The bulk of the tooth structure.
- Covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root.
- Three types: primary, secondary, and tertiary (reparative).
Cementum
- Softer connective tissue covering the tooth root.
- No regeneration, but allows for tooth movement without destruction.
- Anchored to the bone via Sharpey's fibers.
Pulp
- Contains blood vessels and nerves that enter the tooth through the apical foramen.
- The blood supply is derived from the dental arteries and periodontal ligaments.
- Two types: coronal and radicular.
Divisions of Mucous Membrane
- Oral mucosa, broken into categories, including specialized mucosa (on the tongue), masticatory mucosa (gingiva, hard palate), and lining mucosa (all other oral areas).
Papillae-Filiform
- Covers anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
- Pointed, parakeratinized to keratinized, no taste function, and mostly tactile sensation.
Module 13
- TMJ and occlusion.
TMJ Disease
- Signs and symptoms include crepitus/tinnitus, limited movement, trismus/popping/clicking, headaches, neckaches, pain near the ear, and tenderness of the masticatory muscles.
Angle's Classification
- Dental occlusion classification system for teeth's arrangement (Class I, Class II division 1, Class II division 2, Class III).
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Description
Test your knowledge on dental anatomy with this quiz focusing on anterior teeth. Explore key features, functions, and characteristics of incisors and canines. Perfect for dental students and professionals looking to refresh their knowledge.
