Dental Amalgam Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary component used in dental amalgam, besides mercury?

  • Gold-copper alloy
  • Palladium-silver alloy
  • Nickel-titanium alloy
  • Silver-tin alloy (correct)

What is the purpose of mercury's liquid state at room temperature in dental amalgam?

  • It promotes a faster setting time.
  • It aids in strengthening the material.
  • It creates a smooth surface for the filling.
  • It allows for easy mixing with the alloy powder. (correct)

What is the chemical reaction that occurs between mercury and the alloy in dental amalgam called?

  • Amalgamation (correct)
  • Precipitation
  • Sintering
  • Alloying

Why is dental amalgam often not used in areas where appearance is critical?

<p>Amalgam has a silvery-grey color that stands out in the mouth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'conventional' amalgam refer to?

<p>Amalgam formulations that conform to the pre-1986 ISO standard. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change in the understanding of dental amalgam material properties occurred after 1986?

<p>The crucial role of the silver/tin intermetallic compound in strength and durability was realized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the composition of dental amalgam as specified by the post-1986 ISO standard?

<p>The standard focuses on maximizing the presence of the silver/tin intermetallic compound (Ag3Sn). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'γ (gamma) phase' refer to in the context of dental amalgam?

<p>The intermetallic compound Ag3Sn formed during amalgamation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these methods for condensing amalgam is considered the most convenient?

<p>Encapsulated, preproportioned materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback associated with using mechanical condensing tools?

<p>Potential damage to teeth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using different shapes and sizes of condensers?

<p>To accommodate the size and shape of the cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to triturate the amalgam for an appropriate amount of time?

<p>To ensure proper setting of the amalgam (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a diaphragm used with uncapsulated amalgam products?

<p>To separate the mercury and alloy until ready for trituration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with using a large round condenser when packing amalgam into a box on the surface of a tooth?

<p>It may not pack the amalgam well into the box walls. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern when using ultrasonic condensers?

<p>They can cause excessive heat generation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hand trituration of amalgam compare to mechanical trituration in terms of prevalence?

<p>Mechanical trituration is more prevalent in both developed and developing countries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a steel matrix band during the dental restoration process?

<p>To support the amalgam during condensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with using a matrix in dental restorations?

<p>It can lead to a marginal lip of unsupported enamel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial when restoring the proximal surfaces of a tooth?

<p>Maintaining the contact relationship with adjacent teeth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the matrix be adapted to prevent the formation of ledges of amalgam?

<p>By tightly securing the matrix to prevent movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to enamel when excessive pressure is applied to it during the restoration process?

<p>It may fracture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of material is typically used for creating the matrix?

<p>Stainless steel tape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cutting instruments mentioned can lead to the creation of unsupported enamel?

<p>Round-tipped cutting instruments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be removed prior to adapting the matrix to the tooth?

<p>Any unsupported enamel margins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of copper-enriched, γ2 free materials reduces the risk of ditching?

<p>Lower creep values (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is most likely to form the anode in a corrosive couple according to the proposed mechanism?

<p>Cu–Sn phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does contacting a gold restoration have on the rate of corrosion?

<p>It accelerates the corrosion process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the level of corrosion in restorations be minimized?

<p>By polishing the surfaces of restorations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between corrosion and tarnishing?

<p>Corrosion involves a loss of integrity of the alloy, whereas tarnishing does not (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals, when combined with copper alloys, was noted for having lower creep values?

<p>Indium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tarnishing involve?

<p>Formation of a surface coating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the mechanical properties of a material affected by tarnishing?

<p>They are typically unchanged (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if condensation of amalgam is started too late?

<p>The amalgam will fracture rapidly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is recommended to check occlusal contacts while carving a restoration?

<p>Rubbing the surface with cotton wool. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of applying too great a condensation pressure on spherical amalgams?

<p>The alloy particles may roll over each other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amalgam type requires lower condensation pressures for achieving homogeneity?

<p>Spherical amalgams. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the matrix during the carving process of an amalgam restoration?

<p>It should be removed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a mercury-rich layer at the surface of the amalgam indicate?

<p>Complete condensation has been achieved. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the energy expended by the operator influence the quality of an amalgam restoration?

<p>More energy generally correlates with higher quality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does using a high condensing force at a rapid frequency have on lathe-cut amalgam alloys?

<p>It improves bonding of increments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inserting a wooden or metal wedge between the teeth during the dental process?

<p>To maintain adaptation of the matrix and separate the teeth slightly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step comes immediately after proportioning and dispensing in the manipulation of amalgam?

<p>Trituration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is weighing the mercury and alloy components considered the most accurate method of dispensation?

<p>It measures exact amounts for reliable mixtures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue may arise from the volume dispensers used for alloy components during amalgam preparation?

<p>Inaccurate proportions due to packing of particles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of manipulating the steps of amalgam preparation on the final product?

<p>It can influence the strength and integrity of the restoration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having porosity in the set amalgam material?

<p>Compromises the strength and durability of the restoration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which step of amalgam preparation is the material shaped to fit the tooth structure?

<p>Carving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dual benefit does the wedge provide when placed between teeth during dental procedures?

<p>Maintains the matrix adaptation and slightly separates the teeth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dental Amalgam

A mixture of mercury and a powdered silver-tin alloy used for dental restorations.

Amalgamation Reaction

The chemical reaction between mercury and the silver-tin alloy that forms solid dental amalgam.

Conventional Amalgam

Amalgam that meets the pre-1986 compositional standards for dental use.

γ (Gamma) Phase

The silver-tin intermetallic compound Ag3Sn formed during the amalgamation reaction.

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Properties Control

The management of characteristics like corrosion resistance and setting time in dental amalgam.

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Cavity Appearance Limitations

The silver-grey color of dental amalgam limits its use in visible areas of the mouth.

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Compositional Limits

Specified amounts of materials in amalgam to ensure proper performance and safety.

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Restorative Material

A material used to restore the function and integrity of missing tooth structure.

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Chemical Adhesive Resins

Materials used as adhesive between tooth structure and restoration.

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Steel Matrix Band

A band applied to a tooth to provide a surface for condensing amalgam.

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Gingival Margin

The edge of the gumline around a tooth.

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Amalgam Packing

The process of placing amalgam material into a cavity.

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Proximal Surface Restoration

Rebuilding a tooth's side that contacts adjacent teeth.

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Marginal Lip of Unsupported Enamel

A ledge that can form if enamel is not properly trimmed.

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Burnishing

The process of polishing the matrix outward to achieve contact.

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Impression Compound

Material used to hold a matrix in place during restoration.

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Creep in dental materials

The gradual deformation of materials under constant stress over time, particularly in dental amalgams.

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Copper-enriched alloys

Alloys that have a higher concentration of copper, which can influence their mechanical properties.

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γ2 phase

A phase in dental amalgams implicated in causing high creep values and increased porosity.

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Corrosion

The gradual destruction of materials through chemical reactions with their environment, particularly in metals.

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Concentration cell corrosion

Corrosion that occurs due to differences in ion concentration around a metal surface, often leading to accelerated degradation.

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Polishing dental restorations

The process of smoothing the surfaces of dental materials to reduce the risk of corrosion.

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Amalgam types

Different formulations of dental amalgams, each with unique properties and behaviors during clinical use.

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Matrix Function

Holds fractured portions in place during dental procedures.

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Wooden Wedge Use

Inserted between teeth to adapt matrix and separate teeth.

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Mercury-Alloy Proportioning

Combining mercury and alloy for dental amalgam composition.

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Trituration

Mixing mercury and alloy to create a uniform dental amalgam.

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Condensation

Compacting dental amalgam into the cavity preparation.

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Carving in Amalgam

Shaping the surface of the amalgam after it is packed.

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Polishing Process

Finishing the amalgam restoration for smoothness and aesthetics.

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Volume Dispensers

Tools used for measuring fixed amounts of mercury or alloy.

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Mechanical Mixing

The use of machines to mix mercury and alloy, more common than hand trituration.

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Amalgamator

A machine designed to mix encapsulated dental amalgam materials.

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Encapsulated Materials

Pre-proportioned mercury and alloy wrapped in a capsule for ease of mixing.

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Condensing

The process of compacting amalgam into a cavity using a hand instrument.

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Amalgam Condenser

A flat-ended hand instrument used to pack amalgam into cavities.

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Ultrasonic Condensers

Machines that use ultrasonic vibration to condense amalgam, but may cause localized heating.

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Trituration Time

The recommended mixing duration for amalgam, typically 5-20 seconds.

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Trituration Delay

A delay between trituration and condensation can lead to poor amalgam support.

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Condensation Pressure

High condensing force is needed for lathe-cut amalgam alloys to achieve best results.

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Positive Margin

An amalgam that stands proud of tooth structure indicates proper condensation.

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Surface Finish

Rubbing soft amalgam with cotton wool creates a matt finish before hardening.

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Articulating Tape

Thin tape used to mark occlusal contacts in hardened amalgam restorations.

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Spherical Amalgams

Require lower condensation pressures and are easier to carve than lathe-cut amalgams.

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Matrix Removal

A matrix used during amalgam formation must be removed during carving.

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Homogeneity

Achieving a uniform mass of amalgam is crucial for its strength and performance.

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Study Notes

Dental Amalgam

  • An amalgam is a mixture of two or more metals, with mercury being one. Dental amalgam is primarily mercury combined with a powdered silver-tin alloy.
  • Mercury is a liquid at room temperature, forming a malleable mixture when combined with the alloy.
  • The amalgamation reaction between mercury and the alloy produces a hard, silvery-grey restorative material.
  • Dental amalgam has been a common filling material for years, but its use has decreased due to perceived safety concerns and the development of alternative materials.

Amalgam Composition

  • Mercury in amalgam is purified via distillation to eliminate impurities that could negatively impact the setting and properties of the amalgam.
  • The alloy composition is controlled by ISO standard (ISO 1559) and specific limits exist for the major components: silver, tin, and copper.
  • Zinc is often present as a scavenger, reacting with oxygen during alloy production to prevent oxidation. Some alloys are zinc-free.
  • Pre-amalgamated alloys contain up to 3% mercury which may result in faster reaction times when mixed. Most alloys do not contain mercury.

Amalgam Setting Reaction

  • The reaction between mercury and alloy is complex.
  • Mercury diffuses into the alloy particles, and small particles are fully dissolved into the mercury.
  • The alloy structure breaks down during amalgamation.
  • New phases crystallize, forming the set amalgam, although some unreacted alloy remains.
  • The structure of the set amalgam includes cores of unreacted alloy embedded within a matrix of reaction products.

Amalgam Properties

  • Amalgam properties, like dimensional changes, are specified and tested following ISO standards.
  • Amalgam undergoes a dimensional change during the setting reaction.
  • Common amalgam shows either a slight final expansion or contraction after setting
  • Strength develops slowly, taking up to 24 hours to reach maximum values.
  • Amalgams that contain copper mature more rapidly, including those with higher copper levels.
  • Amalgam's tensile and transverse strength is lower than its compressive strength.

Amalgam Handling

  • Cavity design significantly influences amalgam restoration success and is crucial for achieving proper retention.
  • Amalgam is condensed using tools and technique which helps prevent damaging tooth structures.
  • Carving removes the mercury-rich surface layer and rebuilds tooth shape and contours.
  • Polishing improves appearance and corrosion resistance; it's delayed until proper mechanical strength is reached.

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