Density Determination in the Lab

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Questions and Answers

What is the standard unit for reporting the density of gases?

  • g/cm³
  • g/mL
  • kg/m³
  • g/L (correct)

Which laboratory apparatus is used to accurately dispense a known volume of liquid?

  • Beaker
  • Graduated cylinder
  • Erlenmeyer flask
  • Pipet (correct)

Why is water suitable for determining the density of an aluminum cylinder using liquid displacement?

  • Aluminum reacts with water to release gas.
  • Aluminum dissolves readily in water.
  • Aluminum is less dense than water and floats.
  • Aluminum is denser than water and does not dissolve in it. (correct)

What is the purpose of using significant figures in density calculations?

<p>To ensure consistency with the precision of measurements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cannot be directly determined using water displacement?

<p>Density of a cork (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining density using a saturated NaCl solution, what indicates that the solution is indeed saturated?

<p>No more NaCl dissolves and excess NaCl precipitates out. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of density determination, what is the purpose of graphing data?

<p>To visualize trends and interpret relationships between variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student finds that their experimental density value is lower than the actual density. What could explain this?

<p>Some of the sample was lost during mass measurement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between mL and cm³?

<p>1 mL is equal to 1 cm³. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to use a 'dry' graduated cylinder when determining the volume of a granular solid like salt?

<p>To accurately measure only the volume of the salt. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using multiple methods to determine the density of a substance in a laboratory experiment?

<p>To validate results and understand method-specific errors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In determining the density of a saturated NaCl solution, why is it important to avoid trying to hit a specific volume mark (e.g., exactly 9 mL) in the graduated cylinder?

<p>It is better to record the precise volume achieved, accounting for significant figures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate method for delivering a precise volume of liquid, specifically 10 mL of saturated NaCl solution, in this experiment?

<p>Using a 10 mL pipet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a buret clamp in the context of a density experiment?

<p>To secure a buret for precise liquid dispensing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should the material being added during liquid displacement not react with the liquid?

<p>To prevent altering the volume of the liquid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student measures the mass of a solid three times and obtains values of 10.1 g, 10.2 g, and 10.3 g. The student measures the volume of the same solid three times and obtains values of 5.1 mL, 5.2 mL, and 5.3 mL. Which set of measurements has more uncertainty?

<p>The volume measurements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a graduated cylinder containing a liquid is tilted slightly when measuring volume, how does it affect the volume reading?

<p>It decreases the accuracy of the reading. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To determine the density of aluminum using the formula $V = 0.06495 d^2l$, what do 'd' and 'l' represent?

<p>d = distance between opposite corners, l = length (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature typically affect the density of a substance, and why?

<p>It typically decreases density because volume increases due to expansion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the formula for percent error, what does a negative percent error indicate?

<p>The experimental value was higher than the actual value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The density of an unknown liquid is calculated to be 0.85 g/mL. If the actual density is 0.80 g/mL, what is the percent error?

<p>6.25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student attempts to determine the density of salt by water displacement but notices the salt dissolves in the water. What modification to the procedure could allow for density determination via displacement?

<p>Use a non-reactive liquid in which salt is insoluble. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would using a contaminated pipet (one that still has traces of a previous solution) affect the accuracy of the density determination of saturated NaCl?

<p>It depends on the identity of the contaminant; the density could be higher or lower. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely source of systematic error when using a buret to dispense a known volume of saturated NaCl solution?

<p>Parallax error in reading the meniscus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining the density of an unknown rectangular solid, why is it important to measure the length, width, and height as precisely as possible?

<p>To minimize error in the volume calculation, affecting density. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student measures 57.8 mL of a liquid with a density of 3.47 g/mL. They pour it into a container that previously contained a different liquid. Some of the previous liquid remained in the container. The mass is negligibly changed, but the volume increases to 60.0 mL. What happens to the density value?

<p>Decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student measures the density of aluminum using both the algebraic formula and water displacement. The density obtained with the formula is significantly higher than with water displacement. What is the most likely reason?

<p>The aluminum cylinder is not a perfect hexagonal prism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider you are determining the density of an irregular solid object that reacts with water. Besides not using water, what other method can you use to determine its density?

<p>Coat the object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have a mixture of sand and iron filings. You know the density of each substance. If you determine the volume of the mixture accurately, but not the mass, can you back-calculate the mass?

<p>It cannot be calculated without precise mass determination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student measures the density of a solution using a 10 mL graduated cylinder. They then repeat the experiment using a 100 mL graduated cylinder. Assuming both cylinders are read perfectly, which measurement is likely more accurate?

<p>The measurement with the 10 mL cylinder, as it has finer gradations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would most effectively reduce random errors in a density determination experiment:

<p>Repeating measurements multiple times and averaging the results (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a unit of density?

<p>pounds/in² (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the density of the solution, if the mass of 10.5 mL of a certain solution was 8.323 grams?

<p>0.793 g/mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the density of the unknown solid, if a graduated cylinder contained 50.3 mL of water, and when an unknown solid having a mass of 7.456 grams was added to the cylinder, the volume increased to 54.9 mL?

<p>1.62 g/mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the density of the unknown liquid, if an empty graduated cylinder has a mass of 74.6 grams, and when 4.56 mL of an unknown liquid was added to the cylinder, the mass increased to 78.7 grams?

<p>0.90 g/mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass (in grams) of 57.8 mL of a liquid if the density is 3.47 g/mL?

<p>200.57 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An empty 250 mL beaker has a mass of 145.34 grams. When an unknown volume of a liquid with density 1.7985 g/mL was added to the beaker, the mass increased to 264.34 grams. What was the volume of the liquid added?

<p>66.17 mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An empty graduated cylinder weighed 49.3453 grams. If 10.43 mL of a liquid was added to the graduated cylinder, determine the final mass of the graduated cylinder after the liquid was added. The density of the liquid is 1.732 g/mL.

<p>67.41 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A graduated cylinder containing an 20.5 mL of liquid weighed 110.4567 grams. If the density of the unknown liquid is 0.9856 g/mL, what is the weight of the graduated cylinder when it is empty?

<p>90.28 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a variation of the experiment to determine the density of an aluminum cylinder, a student uses a liquid that is less dense than the cylinder. What will happen, and can the student still perform the experiment?

<p>It will not work, the cylinder will float to the top and the student cannot determine the readings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of determining the density of various substances in a laboratory setting?

<p>To learn about the physical properties of different materials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for a solid to be denser than the liquid used in liquid displacement?

<p>To prevent the solid from floating, which would affect the volume measurement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is MOST critical to ensure accuracy when using a buret to dispense a saturated NaCl solution for density determination?

<p>Reading the meniscus at eye level to avoid parallax errors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When determining the density of an aluminum cylinder, why is it beneficial to use both an algebraic formula and water displacement?

<p>To compare the accuracy of different methods and identify potential sources of error. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment involving the determination of the density of a saturated NaCl solution, why is it advised to avoid targeting a specific volume mark (e.g., exactly 9 mL) when using a graduated cylinder?

<p>To avoid introducing errors associated with trying to hit an exact volume mark on the cylinder. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the context of density determination, what is the primary role of a buret?

<p>Accurately dispensing variable volumes of liquid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important that the solid material added during liquid displacement doesn't react with the liquid?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student is tasked with determining the density of an irregularly shaped rock. They accurately measure the mass but struggle with volume determination due to the rock's geometry. Which alternative method could they reliably use to find the volume?

<p>Applying Archimedes' principle by immersing the rock in a non-reactive liquid and measuring the displaced volume. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the use of significant figures emphasized in density calculations?

<p>To reflect the precision of the measurements used. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would incompletely drying an aluminum cylinder after water displacement affect the determined density, and why?

<p>It would increase the determined density because the mass reading would be higher. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student finds that their experimental density value for aluminum is higher than the accepted value. What is the most probable cause of this discrepancy?

<p>The balance used to measure the mass was not properly calibrated and gave artificially high readings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student measures the mass of a dry 10 mL graduated cylinder as 15.643 g. After adding approximately 5 mL of saturated NaCl solution, the mass is 21.784 g. The student records the volume as 5.1 mL. What is the calculated density of the saturated NaCl solution?

<p>1.20 g/mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student measures 40.0 mL of a liquid with a density of 1.50 g/mL. They pour it into a container that previously contained 10.0 mL of a different liquid with a density of 0.80 g/mL. Assuming the liquids mix completely and the volumes are additive, what is the approximate density of the final mixture?

<p>1.36 g/mL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a student uses a contaminated pipet (one that still has traces of a previous solution) to measure the saturated NaCl, how would this affect the accuracy of the density determination?

<p>The measured density of saturated NaCl will be inaccurate due to the altered composition of the solution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating percent error in an experiment?

<p>((Actual Value - Experimental Value) / Actual Value) * 100% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student calculates the density of a metal to be 7.92 g/cm³, but the accepted density for that metal is 7.20 g/cm³. What is the percent error in the student's calculation?

<p>9.09% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student measures the dimensions of a rectangular solid as follows: length = 5.0 cm, width = 2.0 cm, and height = 1.0 cm. They then determine the mass to be 25.0 grams. What is the calculated density of the rectangular solid?

<p>2.5 g/cm³ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of graphing data in the context of density determination?

<p>To identify patterns, trends, or relationships between mass and volume. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the actual density of a substance is known, what information does a negative percent error indicate?

<p>The experimental density was higher than the actual density. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student is determining the density of a rectangular solid. Which of the following will result in the most accurate determination of its volume?

<p>Using a ruler with millimeter markings to measure the dimensions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student notices air bubbles clinging to an aluminum cylinder during the water displacement method. How will this affect the calculated density, and why?

<p>The calculated density will be lower because the apparent volume of the cylinder will be higher. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a pipet bulb?

<p>To safely and accurately draw liquids into a pipet. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You have a mixture of two unknown solids and know the total volume and the density of each solid. Which property do you have to accurately measure to back-calculate the mass?

<p>You cannot calculate the masses of the solids with this method. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a density experiment, you notice that the aluminum cylinder is reacting with the water, creating gas bubbles. Which of the following changes to the procedure is most advisable?

<p>Use a different liquid for displacement that does not react with aluminum, such as mineral oil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An empty 100 mL beaker has a mass of 52.432 grams. After adding some saturated NaCl solution, the beaker's mass increased to 85.643 grams. If the density of the saturated NaCl solution is 1.204 g/mL, what volume of the solution was added to the beaker?

<p>27.58 mL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should a student avoid introducing extraneous materials to the solutions when measuring density?

<p>The additional materials will alter the mass and volume. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate apparatus to easily measure the dimensions of a rectangular solid?

<p>A ruler (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Density is defined as:

<p>Mass per unit volume. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An empty graduated cylinder with a mass of 50.00 grams is filled with 25.0 mL of an unknown liquid. The total mass is now 70.00 grams. What is the density of the liquid?

<p>0.80 g/mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pipet is used most appropriately for:

<p>Dispensing accurate, fixed volumes of liquids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A metal alloy is found to have a density of 9.0 g/cm³. The volume of the sample is measured to be 4.5 cm³. What is the mass of the alloy sample?

<p>40.5 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is BEST suited for determining the mass of a solid sample to a high degree of precision?

<p>Balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 25.0 mL sample of an unknown liquid is added to an empty flask weighing 25.0 grams. If the flask now weighs 50.0 grams, what is the density of the unknown liquid?

<p>1.0 g/mL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A wooden block has the following dimensions: length = 10.0 cm, width = 5.0 cm, height = 2.0 cm, and a mass of 80.0 grams. What is the wood's density?

<p>0.8 g/cm³ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What piece of lab equipment is MOST appropriate to add sodium chloride to a beaker?

<p>A spatula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While performing the aluminum cylinder density experiment by water displacement, a student used tap water. If the student instead had used distilled water, how would the result change?

<p>The result would be slightly more accurate, since distilled water has a more consistent density. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the water displacement method, you find the density of an object is 2.71 g/mL ± 0.03 g/mL, but your instructor says the actual value is exactly 2.70 g/mL. Is your result accurate, precise, neither, or both?

<p>Both Accurate and Precise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Density

Mass per unit volume of a substance.

Buret

A laboratory instrument used for precise measurement of liquid volume.

Liquid displacement

Technique for determining the volume of a solid by measuring the volume of liquid it displaces.

Saturated solution

Solution containing the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.

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Methods to determine density

Algebraic formula, water displacement, a graduated cylinder, a pipet and a buret.

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Use of significant figures

The correct measurement and recording of values, using tools like laboratory balance, a graduated cylinder, a pipet and a buret

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How can an object's density be determined?

By formula, using water displacement, or other comparable method.

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V = 0.06495 d^2l

Volume of the cylinder equation

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Percent error

Shows the difference between the experimental and actual value.

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Balance

Laboratory equipment to measure mass

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Spatula

Used for transferring solids, especially powders or granulated materials.

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Beaker

Commonly used to prepare solutions.

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Pipet bulb

Tool that draws liquids into a pipet.

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Buret clamp

Holds burets in place during titrations.

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Funnel

Directs liquid flow into the buret.

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Eye dropper

Used for precise liquid dispensing, drop by drop.

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Ring stand

Supporting structure for conducting experiments.

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g/L

The density of gases is often reported in

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Density equation

Mass of a substance divided by its volume

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Precipitate

If more sodium chloride is added to a saturated solution, it will...

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Tools to measure Volume in a lab

Measuring devices

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Study Notes

  • The lab experiment focuses on density determination of solids, liquids, and solutions.
  • It uses various lab equipment and calculations, emphasizing significant figures and graphing data.

Learning Objectives

  • Density determination methods for liquids, solids, and solutions will be learnt.
  • Proper use of a laboratory balance, graduated cylinder, pipet, and buret will be learnt.
  • Emphasis is placed on the use of significant figures in calculations.
  • Data graphing and interpretation skills are practiced.

Apparatus

  • The experiment requires a ruler (inches and cm), balance, spatula (for salt), 10 mL and 100 mL graduated cylinders, 50 mL, 100 mL, and 250 mL beakers.
  • Other equipment needed includes a 10 mL pipet, pipet bulb, 50 mL buret, ring stand, buret clamp, funnel (for buret), eye dropper, aluminum cylinder, water, and salt (100 grams).
  • Also needed is a saturated NaCl solution (100 mL per group) and an unknown rectangular solid.

Prelab Discussion

  • Density is mass per unit volume, typically in g/mL or g/cm3 for solids/liquids, and g/L for gases.
  • The aluminium cylinder density is determined by algebraic formula and liquid displacement.
  • Water is used for liquid displacement, but the material must be denser than water, not react with it, or dissolve in it.
  • The density of granular solid sodium chloride and a saturated NaCl solution will be determined.
  • The maximum amount of sodium chloride is contained in a saturated solution, any more will precipitate.
  • Determination of the density of an unknown rectangular solid will occur using two methods.
  • Familiarity with lab glassware and equipment will be gained.

Prelab Questions

  • The density of an aluminum cylinder using water displacement will be determined.
  • Consideration is given for whether the density of cork can be determined using water displacement.
  • Consideration is given for whether the density of salt can be determined by water displacement.
  • Certain options may not be units of density, recalling that density is mass per unit volume.
  • Density units are pounds/in², g/mL, tons/m³, ounces/L³, and kg/ft.

Prelab Problems

  • Density, given a mass of 10.5 mL of a solution that weighs 8.323 grams will be calculated.
  • Density, given a graduated cylinder contains 50.3 mL of water and an unknown solid with a mass of 7.456 grams is added, increasing the volume to 54.9 mL will be calculated.
  • Density, given an empty graduated cylinder has a mass of 74.6 grams and 4.56 mL of an unknown liquid is added, increasing the mass to 78.7 grams will be calculated.
  • Mass, in grams, of 57.8 mL of a liquid if the density is 3.47 g/mL will be calculated.
  • The volume of an unknown liquid, given it has a density of 1.7985 g/mL, an empty 250 mL beaker with a mass of 145.34 grams, and the mass increases to 264.34 grams when an unknown volume of the liquid is added, will be determined.
  • The final mass of a graduated cylinder, given an empty graduated cylinder weighs 49.3453 grams, 10.43 mL of a liquid is added, and the liquid's density is 1.732 g/mL, will be determined.
  • The weight of a graduated cylinder, given a graduated cylinder containing 20.5 mL of liquid weighs 110.4567 grams and the density of the unknown liquid is 0.9856 g/mL will be determined.

Part 1: Density of Aluminium

  • Mass of an aluminum cylinder is measured and recorded.
  • Measure the length (cm) of the cylinder.
  • Measure the distance from opposite corners (cm) of the cylinder.
  • Density is calculated using the above data.
  • Mass from Step A1 is recorded.
  • A 100 mL graduated cylinder is filled about half full with water and initial volume is recorded.
  • The aluminum cylinder is gently placed into the graduated cylinder, reading the new volume.
  • Density is calculated using the data from water displacement.
  • Volume of a right hexagonal cylinder can be determined by V = 0.06495 d²l where d is the distance between opposite corners, and l is the cylinder's length.

Part 2: Density of Salt

  • About 10 grams of salt is weighed on weighing paper, recording the exact mass.
  • The salt is added to a dry 10 mL graduated cylinder and record the volume.
  • With the data, calculate the density of the salt.
  • Mass of salt is needed to determine mass in pounds, of a 5.00-gallon container of salt. 946 mL = 1 quart and 454 g = 1 pound.
  • Volume in gallons, of 50.0 pounds of salt is calculated, where 946 mL = 1 quart and 454 g = 1 pound.
  • The density found by four other students in the lab is noted, and the variance is explained.

Part 3: Density of Saturated NaCl Solution

  • Approximately 100 mL of saturated NaCl solution is needed in a 250 mL beaker.
  • Mass of empty 10 mL graduated cylinder is determined and recorded.
  • Approximately 9 mL of the saturated NaCl solution is added to graduated cylinder; exact volume is recorded.
  • Mass of the 10 mL graduated cylinder with the saturated NaCl solution is determined.
  • Density of saturated NaCl solution is calculated.
  • Mass of an empty 50 mL beaker is determined.
  • 10 mL of saturated NaCl solution is added using a 10 mL pipet, to the beaker.
  • Mass of the 50 mL beaker with saturated NaCl solution is determined.
  • Density of the saturated NaCl solution is calculated.
  • Mass of an empty 100 mL beaker is determined.
  • A buret is filled to read between 5 mL and 10 mL, noting the initial buret reading.
  • Approximately 35 mL of saturated NaCl solution is added to the beaker; the final buret reading is recorded.
  • Mass of the 100 mL beaker with the saturated NaCl solution is determined.
  • Using the above data, the density of the saturated NaCl solution is calculated.

Part 4: Density of an Unknown Rectangular Solid

  • Mass of the unknown solid is determined and recorded.
  • Length, width, and height of the unknown (in cm) is measured.
  • Distance from opposite corners (cm) of the cylinder is measured and recorded.
  • Using the data, calculate the density of the unknown, where V = L x W x H and D = m/V.

Part 5: Density of an Unknown Liquid

  • Approximately 20 mL of the unknown liquid is required in 50 mL beaker.
  • Mass of an empty 50 mL beaker is determined and recorded.
  • 10 mL of the unknown liquid is added using a 10 mL pipet to the beaker.
  • The mass of the 50 mL beaker with the unknown liquid is determined and recorded.
  • Using the information, calculate the density of the unknown liquid.

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