Demography and Settlement Quiz

### Settlement

• Settlements develop around resources such as coal, fish, and minerals for trade and industry
• Infrastructure, including roads, water supply, electricity, sewage, healthcare, and communication networks, encourages settlement.

Population Indicators (Demographics)

• Demography studies population characteristics, including age, gender, occupation, fertility, and health.
• Natural Increase (NI) is the percentage increase in population excluding migration.
• Doubling Time refers to the number of years needed to double a population.
• Life Expectancy is the average number of years an individual will live based on social, economic, and medical conditions.
• Crude Birth Rate is the number of live births per year for every 1000 people.
• Crude Death Rate is the number of deaths per year for every 1000 people alive.
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman will have in her childbearing years.

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

• The DTM describes the shift from high birth and death rates with a low rate of natural increase to low birth and death rates with a higher total population.
• Stage 1: High birth and death rates result in a low total population. This was typical of pre-industrial societies.
• Stage 2: Rapidly declining death rates while birth rates remain high lead to a rapid increase in population.
• Stage 3: A more modest population growth occurs with declining birth rates and continued, but slower, falling death rates.
• Stage 4: Low birth and death rates result in a stable or slowly growing population with a higher total population.
• The Demographic Transition Model helps to understand how and why a country's population changes over time.

What is Development?

• Development refers to a country's advancement in improving its economy and society for a better quality of life.
• Development is assessed through various indicators.
• The world is divided into two developed regions and seven developing regions.

Indicators of Development

• Social Indicators focus on human and social development, including:
  • Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
  • Crude Death Rate (CDR)
  • Life Expectancy (LE)
  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
  • Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
  • Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR)
  • Literacy Rate (LR)
• Economic Indicators focus on earnings and spending of individuals or countries.
  • Gross National Product (GNP): the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including foreign income.
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.
  • Both GNP/GNI and GDP can be calculated per capita (per person).
• Components of Economic Development include:
  • Industrial Growth: expansion of manufacturing and services sectors.
  • Infrastructure development: roads, electricity, and telecommunications.
  • Trade and investment: encouraging domestic and foreign investments and promoting exports.
  • Job creation: generation of employment opportunities to reduce poverty and improve living standards.
  • Institutional development: strengthening political, legal, and administrative systems.

Institutional Development

• Strong institutions ensure coordinated, transparent, and inclusive development efforts.
• They provide essential structure for economic growth, social welfare, and environmental protection.

### World Development Continuum

• The World Development Continuum shows varying development levels across countries.
• Countries are positioned along the continuum based on their economic performance, social well-being, human development, and environmental sustainability.

Migration

• Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another.
• Migration involves two-way connections between locations.