Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which feature is NOT associated with Parkinson's disease?
Which feature is NOT associated with Parkinson's disease?
What is the genetic basis of Huntington's disease?
What is the genetic basis of Huntington's disease?
What symptom combination is characteristic of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus?
What symptom combination is characteristic of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus?
Which of the following statements about Lewy bodies is correct?
Which of the following statements about Lewy bodies is correct?
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What effect does a lumbar puncture have on patients with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus?
What effect does a lumbar puncture have on patients with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus?
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Which type of neurons are primarily degenerated in Huntington's disease?
Which type of neurons are primarily degenerated in Huntington's disease?
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Which characteristic is typical for spongiform encephalopathy?
Which characteristic is typical for spongiform encephalopathy?
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What is a common cause of death among individuals with Huntington's disease?
What is a common cause of death among individuals with Huntington's disease?
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What is the primary feature of Alzheimer's disease that differentiates it from early cognitive decline?
What is the primary feature of Alzheimer's disease that differentiates it from early cognitive decline?
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Which allele is associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease?
Which allele is associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease?
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Which of the following is a common cause of death in patients with Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following is a common cause of death in patients with Alzheimer's disease?
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What marks the morphological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease?
What marks the morphological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease?
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Which of the following correctly describes neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following correctly describes neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease?
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Which statement about Pick disease is correct?
Which statement about Pick disease is correct?
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What clinical feature distinguishes vascular dementia from other types of dementia?
What clinical feature distinguishes vascular dementia from other types of dementia?
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What is the presumed method of diagnosis for Alzheimer's disease?
What is the presumed method of diagnosis for Alzheimer's disease?
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Study Notes
Dementia and Degenerative Disorders
- Characterized by neuron loss in gray matter, often due to protein accumulation damaging neurons.
Alzheimer Disease (AD)
- Degenerative cortical disease, most common dementia type.
- Clinical features include: slow-onset memory loss (short-term to long-term), disorientation, loss of learned motor skills, language, behavioral/personality changes, and death from infection.
- Usually sporadic in elderly with risk increasing with age.
- ApoE alleles (particularly ε4) increase risk.
- Early-onset AD occurs in familial cases with presenilin 1 and 2 mutations or Down syndrome.
- Morphological features:
- Cerebral atrophy with broadened sulci and widened ventricles.
- Neuritic plaques: extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregates from APP.
- Neurofibrillary tangles: intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates.
- Diagnosis: clinical and pathological correlations; confirmed by autopsy.
Vascular Dementia
- Multifocal infarction and injury due to hypertension, atherosclerosis, or vasculitis.
- Second most common dementia cause.
Pick Disease
- Degenerative frontal and temporal cortex disease.
- Characterized by Pick bodies (tau protein aggregates).
- Early behavioral and language symptoms, progressing to dementia.
Parkinson Disease
- Degenerative loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra.
- Clinical features ('TRAP'): tremor, rigidity, akinesia/bradykinesia, and postural instability.
- Histological: loss of pigmented neurons and Lewy bodies.
- Dementia is a late-stage common feature.
Huntington Disease
- Degeneration of GABAergic neurons in caudate nucleus.
- Autosomal dominant disorder with expanded trinucleotide repeats (CAG).
- Progressive chorea (involuntary movements), dementia, and depression.
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
- Increased CSF causing dilated ventricles.
- Can cause dementia in adults, often idiopathic.
- Wet, wobbly, and wacky symptoms (urinary incontinence, gait instability, and dementia).
Spongiform Encephalopathy
- Degenerative disease caused by prion protein.
- Conversion of normal prion protein (PrPc) to misfolded prion protein (PrPSc).
- Pathologic protein is not degradable leading to neuron and glial damage and vacuole formation.
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is most common, potentially sporadic or transmitted from infected human tissue.
- Variant CJD is linked to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
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Description
Explore the key aspects of dementia and degenerative disorders, focusing on Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. This quiz covers clinical features, risk factors, morphological changes, and diagnostic methods associated with these conditions. Enhance your understanding of how these disorders affect cognitive function and overall health.
