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Questions and Answers
Which symptom of mild cognitive impairment involves the ability to remember to perform an action in the future?
What aspect of cognition is more affected by aging than verbal cognition?
In MCI, what refers to the ability to access prior knowledge in long-term memory and integrate it with new text information?
Which symptom of MCI relates to struggling with interpreting an object in three dimensions, judging distances, or navigating stairs?
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What does MCI refer to?
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In MCI, what does the term 'working memory' refer to?
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Which aspect of cognition involves the ability to remember personal events and experiences?
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In MCI, what is affected more by aging than verbal cognition?
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What is the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in those aged 80-89 years?
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Which tool is preferred for brain imaging in patients with mild cognitive impairment?
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What is the abbreviation for the test used for rapid assessment of delirium?
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Which age group is at higher risk for delirium?
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What is the acronym for the standard brief assessment to determine if a full dementia evaluation is needed?
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What is the abbreviation for General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition?
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What should be included in the overall assessment of a patient with mild cognitive impairment?
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Which type of patients may benefit from the approach to diagnosis and management outlined for delirium, even if they do not meet all the criteria for a diagnosis of delirium?
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What is the aim of making a diagnosis of dementia in the early stages?
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What is the purpose of the 6CIT - Kingshill version 2000?
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What does spiritual care involve?
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What is the major contributor to an individual’s quality of life and sense of wellbeing?
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What is dementia characterized by?
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What is the SLUMS used for?
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What is the significance of positive sexual relationships and behaviors in older adults?
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What are the proposed diagnostic criteria for dementia focused on?
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What does the mnemonic PINCHES ME stand for in the context of delirium assessment?
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What is the usual onset and duration of delirium?
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What is the approximate incidence of delirium in nursing homes or post acute care settings?
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What is the most common cause of delirium in older people?
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What does Advance Care Planning refer to?
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How is 'spirituality' distinguished from 'religion'?
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What does Social Assessment suggest about socially-involved individuals?
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Why are older people particularly vulnerable to environmental factors?
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What is the major value of the HAM-A (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale)?
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Which scale is ideal for evaluating the clinical severity of depression and for monitoring treatment?
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What does the GDS-4 (Geriatric Depression Scale) evaluate?
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According to DSM-IV criteria, what percentage change in weight constitutes a significant weight change?
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What represents a cultural shift requiring a more biologically focused workup than previous approaches?
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What is the prevalence of depression in older people according to the text?
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What is the purpose of the PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire 9)?
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What does the GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 Item Questionnaire) screen for?
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Study Notes
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
- MCI refers to a condition where an individual experiences memory or cognitive problems that are more severe than those seen in normal aging but are not severe enough to interfere with daily living.
- In MCI, working memory refers to the ability to hold and process information in the mind for a short period.
Cognitive Functions
- Episodic memory involves the ability to remember personal events and experiences.
- Semantic memory is the ability to access prior knowledge in long-term memory and integrate it with new text information.
Spatial Ability and Visual-Spatial Ability
- Spatial ability in MCI is affected, making it difficult to interpret objects in three dimensions, judge distances, or navigate stairs.
Prevalence and Diagnosis
- The prevalence of MCI in those aged 80-89 years is high.
- The preferred tool for brain imaging in patients with MCI is MRI.
- The CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) is used for rapid assessment of delirium.
- The GP-COG (General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition) is a tool used to assess cognition.
Delirium
- Delirium is more common in those aged 80 and above.
- The SLUMS (Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination) is used to assess cognitive function.
- The 6CIT (Kingshill Version 2000) is a short cognitive assessment tool.
- The purpose of making a diagnosis of dementia in the early stages is to improve the quality of life and sense of wellbeing.
Dementia
- Dementia is characterized by a decline in cognitive function, such as memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with communication and problem-solving.
- The proposed diagnostic criteria for dementia focus on cognitive symptoms, such as memory impairment and difficulty with judgment and problem-solving.
Spirituality and Quality of Life
- Spiritual care involves providing emotional and psychological support to patients.
- Positive sexual relationships and behaviors are important for older adults' quality of life and sense of wellbeing.
Assessment and Diagnosis
- The aim of the overall assessment of a patient with MCI is to identify cognitive, functional, and behavioral symptoms.
- The CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) is used to assess delirium.
- The HAM-A (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) is used to evaluate the clinical severity of anxiety and monitor treatment.
Depression and Anxiety
- The GDS-4 (Geriatric Depression Scale) evaluates depression in older adults.
- The PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire 9) assesses depression.
- The GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 Item Questionnaire) screens for anxiety.
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Description
Review the mnemonic 'PINCHES ME' for delirium causes, including pain, infection, nutrition, constipation, hydration, endocrine+electrolyte, stroke, medication, alcohol, and environmental factors. Learn about the onset and incidence of delirium in different demographics.