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Questions and Answers
Which method allows for effective separation of crude oil phases when heated to 75 to 80°C?
What is the primary challenge faced with the settling method in crude oil processing?
What chemical agents are used to promote coalescence of water droplets in crude oil processing?
How does Electrical Desalting achieve salt removal from crude oil?
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What is a significant advantage of Electrical Desalting over traditional methods?
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What happens to salts during the Electrical Desalting process?
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What is the main reason that centrifugal separation is often not chosen for crude oil processing?
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What characterizes the collected crude oil after the Electrical Desalting process?
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What is the primary purpose of atmospheric distillation in petroleum refining?
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What is a key characteristic of vacuum distillation compared to atmospheric distillation?
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How is API gravity classification significant in refining operations?
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What does True Boiling Point Analysis help determine in petroleum processing?
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What is the primary purpose of ASTM distillation?
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Which technique is primarily used for dehydration and desalting of crude oil?
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In what context is the term 'pitch' used in petroleum refining?
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Which of the following statements about the dehydration of crude oil is true?
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When pressure is released from a liquid obtained during distillation, what is the expected outcome?
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What is considered 'salty crude oil'?
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What is a primary factor affecting the sulfur content in petroleum?
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Which of the following is a middle distillate derived from crude oil?
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What is one effect of sodium and magnesium salts during the desalting process?
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Which product is classified as a volatile product derived from crude oil?
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What role does water play in the emulsion occurrence in crude oil?
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Which of the following is part of the refining products called light distillates?
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Study Notes
Dehydration Methods
- Gravity Setting/Settling: Separates water from crude oil based on density differences.
- Chemical Treatment: Uses chemicals to increase water droplet coalescence for easier separation.
- Centrifugal Separation: Uses centrifugal force to separate water from crude oil. Not economically viable due to high energy consumption and limited handling capacity.
- Electrical Desalting: Removes salts and dehydrates crude oil simultaneously.
- Electrical Desalting Process: Applies high voltage to ionize water droplets, attracting salts and forming a separate steam layer at the bottom of the column.
- Electrical Desalting Benefits: Compactness, efficiency, and ease of operation make this method desirable in refineries.
Salt Removal from Crude Oil
- Problem: Emulsified water in crude oil doesn't respond well to settling methods.
- Solution: Emulsifiers (NaOH, fatty acid salts, petroleum sulfonates) are added to promote water droplet coalescence.
- Process: Chemicals and water are added to the crude mixture and allowed to stand at 75-80°C and 15 kg force per cm² pressure in large tanks for 48 hours.
- Results: High pressure retains volatile components in crude oil, and good separation between hydrocarbon and aqueous phases occurs.
ASTM Distillation
- Purpose: To test crude oil properties.
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Key Terms:
- Viscosity: Measures resistance to flow.
- Absolute Viscosity: Measured in poise.
- Kinematic Viscosity: Measured in centistokes.
- Viscosity Index: Measures the change in viscosity with temperature for refined products.
Refining Products
- Volatile Products: C1-C4 (LPG)
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Light Distillates:
- MS/Naphtha/Solvent/Spirit/Spilood/Raw Somm: Raw materials for bags, raincoats, water bottles, and other finished products.
- J.P - Written: Used in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles, from 0.7 ortho -> 6% styrene.
- Aromatic: Used in Para.
- HBPA source: Bisphenol A (BPA) - a substance added to plastics to increase strength. It can emit harmful vapor when exposed to sunlight, potentially causing cancer.
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Middle Distillates:
- ATF/Diesel/Kerosene (HSA/LSA)
- High speed diesel / low speed diesel (differentiated by vehicle RPM)
- Lube Base Stock: Engine oil, gear oil, lube oil.
- Wax: Food-grade, monocrystalline, needle type.
- Lactolose 50/77: Contains food-grade wax and is related to constipation medications.
- Residue/Heavy Products: Fuel oil/bitumen, 151/s (low sulfur heavy stick).
Dehydration & Desalting of Crude Oil
- Description: Crude oil naturally contains moisture and salts in varying amounts.
- Problem: Water in crude oil, especially in naphthenic and sulfurous crudes, forms emulsions.
- No harm in distillation: Moisture presence doesn't impact distillation as steam is present.
- Solution: Dehydration is crucial to remove salts. Water dissolves salts, so removing water removes salts.
- Importance: Salts, particularly calcium and magnesium chlorides, cause overhead corrosion.
Salts Present in Crude
- Common Salts: Na2CO3, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, FeSO4, Na2/CO3.
- Other Salts (Ca,Mg): Hydrolyze easily in the presence of steam, generating hydrochloric vapor and causing corrosion.
- Salt Content: Crude oil with greater than 5 gallons of total salts per 1000 barrels is considered salty.
- Example: 1,59,000 liters of crude oil.
Dehydration Purpose
- Purpose: To remove water.
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Stages:
- Site of mine: Initial water removal.
- Refinery: Further dehydration before processing.
Petroleum Refining/Distillation
- Description: An operation, not a chemical reaction.
- Indian Perspective: India produces 18% of its petroleum domestically and imports 180MMT from other countries.
- Oil Field Distribution: 60% of fields are offshore, 40% onshore.
- Mature Oilfields: Known as "Brown oilfields."
- Major Petrochemical Industries: Located in Dibrugarh: BCPL, NPE, PE.
- Virion 2080: Hydrocarbon mission 2030.
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Reasons for declining oil production in Assam:
- Mature old fields
- Limited Technology
- Reliance on the same old fields.
- Solid State of Petroleum: Pitch (semi-solid), Bitumen (finished product).
Petroleum
- Occurrence: Found in the Earth's crust in all states: solid, liquid, and gas.
- Color: Ranges from light brown to dark brown or black.
- Composition: Mixture of hydrocarbons from the homologous series: paraffins, napthenes, and aromatics (PAN).
- Element Composition: Primarily Carbon (84-86%) and Hydrogen (11-16%).
- Minor Elements: Oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur.
- Metal Constituents: About 8% (metals + SON).
- Inorganic Compounds: SON (Sulfur, Oxygen, Nitrogen).
- Homogeneity: More homogeneous than coal and primarily found in sedimentary rocks.
Pitch
- Description: A solid or semi-solid form of petroleum.
- Example: Trinidad Pitch Lake, located in the Caribbean Sea.
- Composition: Depends on origin of formation, time of formation, storage duration, and migration.
- Impurities: Impurities influence color, odor, and corrosiveness.
Petroleum and Hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons: Comprise the majority of petroleum, including saturated (paraffins and napthenes) and unsaturated (aromatics) compounds.
- Carbon Atom Range: Up to C70 (generally up to C35).
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Hydrocarbon Range:
- C1-C2: Gas
- C3-C5: Gas (contains all three states)
- C6-C7: Liquid
- C8: Liquid
- C9....: C70: Solid or semi-solid
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Gas States:
- C1 and C2: Dry Gas
- C3 and C4: Wet Gas
Sulphur Content in Petroleum
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Factors Influencing Sulphur Content:
- Crude oil source
- Country of origin
- Reservoir location
- Assam Crude Oil: Very low sulfur content which is considered high quality.
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Description
Explore various methods used for the dehydration of crude oil, including gravity settling, chemical treatment, and electrical desalting. Each technique has its own benefits and challenges, aimed at improving the efficiency of oil refining. This quiz will test your understanding of these processes and their applications in the industry.
