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Questions and Answers
What is a vital function of fluids in the body?
What is a vital function of fluids in the body?
Which of the following indicates severe dehydration based on the classification?
Which of the following indicates severe dehydration based on the classification?
What does a skin pinch that goes back very slowly (> 2 seconds) indicate?
What does a skin pinch that goes back very slowly (> 2 seconds) indicate?
What is a primary role of electrolytes in the body?
What is a primary role of electrolytes in the body?
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Which observation is typical for someone with no dehydration?
Which observation is typical for someone with no dehydration?
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What characterizes a patient with some dehydration?
What characterizes a patient with some dehydration?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
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Which sign would show NO severe or some dehydration?
Which sign would show NO severe or some dehydration?
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What is the initial step when addressing dehydration if shock is present?
What is the initial step when addressing dehydration if shock is present?
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Why do infants experience a higher degree of dehydration compared to adults?
Why do infants experience a higher degree of dehydration compared to adults?
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Which symptom indicates a potential case of overhydration?
Which symptom indicates a potential case of overhydration?
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How should ongoing fluid losses be monitored in a dehydrated child?
How should ongoing fluid losses be monitored in a dehydrated child?
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What is the recommended action if a child remains lethargic during dehydration treatment?
What is the recommended action if a child remains lethargic during dehydration treatment?
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What should be done once a child has stabilized after dehydration?
What should be done once a child has stabilized after dehydration?
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Which factor contributes to higher fluid loss in children compared to adults?
Which factor contributes to higher fluid loss in children compared to adults?
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What should be administered for every loose stool or vomiting in a child with dehydration?
What should be administered for every loose stool or vomiting in a child with dehydration?
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What is the definition of symptomatic bacteriuria?
What is the definition of symptomatic bacteriuria?
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Which option best describes recurrent UTI?
Which option best describes recurrent UTI?
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What is a key characteristic of febrile UTI?
What is a key characteristic of febrile UTI?
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Which recommendation is correct for preventing urinary tract infections?
Which recommendation is correct for preventing urinary tract infections?
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What distinguishes persistent bacteriuria?
What distinguishes persistent bacteriuria?
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What is a common symptom associated with excess protein in the urine?
What is a common symptom associated with excess protein in the urine?
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Which of the following management strategies is recommended for a child experiencing fluid retention?
Which of the following management strategies is recommended for a child experiencing fluid retention?
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What symptom is NOT typically associated with UTI?
What symptom is NOT typically associated with UTI?
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Which of the following statements about cystitis is correct?
Which of the following statements about cystitis is correct?
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What underlying cause is most likely to contribute to excessive fluid volume in children?
What underlying cause is most likely to contribute to excessive fluid volume in children?
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Which clinical manifestation is least likely to occur with a UTI?
Which clinical manifestation is least likely to occur with a UTI?
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Which bacterial infection is specifically noted as associated with urinary tract infections in neonates?
Which bacterial infection is specifically noted as associated with urinary tract infections in neonates?
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What is an appropriate nursing diagnosis for a child with activity intolerance related to anemia?
What is an appropriate nursing diagnosis for a child with activity intolerance related to anemia?
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What dietary modification should be considered for a child with proteinuria?
What dietary modification should be considered for a child with proteinuria?
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For a child with heart failure, what position is recommended?
For a child with heart failure, what position is recommended?
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Which of the following can alter the gastrointestinal flora in a child receiving treatment for a urinary tract infection?
Which of the following can alter the gastrointestinal flora in a child receiving treatment for a urinary tract infection?
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What should be done before leaving a car on a hot day regarding seat belts?
What should be done before leaving a car on a hot day regarding seat belts?
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Which of the following is a common complication of burns?
Which of the following is a common complication of burns?
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What is the key factor in determining the prognosis of major burns?
What is the key factor in determining the prognosis of major burns?
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How often should sunscreen be reapplied?
How often should sunscreen be reapplied?
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What can cause breathing problems in burn patients?
What can cause breathing problems in burn patients?
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What risk is associated with circumferential burns to limbs?
What risk is associated with circumferential burns to limbs?
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What SPF is recommended for sunscreen applications?
What SPF is recommended for sunscreen applications?
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What psychological condition may occur after severe burns?
What psychological condition may occur after severe burns?
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Study Notes
Dehydration
- A common complication of illness in children
- Volume depletion in children is due to fluid losses from vomiting or diarrhea
Development and Biological
- Smaller children have a greater proportion of body water to weight and a larger proportion of extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid
- Infants have a larger proportional surface area of the GI tract than adults
- Infants have a greater body surface area and a higher metabolic rate than adults
Treatment Modalities
- For severe dehydration:
- Treat shock if present
- Administer oral rehydration solution (ORS)
- Insert a peripheral IV line using a large IV catheter
- Administer Lactated Ringer's solution and monitor infusion rate
- Monitor for peri-orbital edema (sign of overhydration), regulate flow rate accurately
- For some dehydration:
- Administer ORS for 4 hours for every loose stool or vomiting episode
- Encourage additional age-appropriate fluid intake
Classification of Degree of Dehydration (WHO Adaption)
- Severe Dehydration: Lethargic or unconscious, weak or absent radial pulse, sunken eyes, skin goes back slowly (>2 seconds), drinks poorly or not at all
- Some Dehydration: Restless or irritable, palpable radial pulse, sunken eyes, skin goes back slowly (<2 seconds), thirst, drinks quickly
- No Dehydration: Normal mental status, easily palpable radial pulse, normal eyes, skin goes back quickly (<1 second), no thirst, drinks normally
Urinary Tract infection (UTI)
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Causes:
- Bacterial infections (e.g., E. coli, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus)
- Fungi (e.g., Candida species)
-
Pathophysiology:
- Asymptomatic bacteriuria – Significant bacteriuria with no evidence of clinical infection
- Symptomatic bacteriuria – Accompanied by physical signs of UTI
- Recurrent UTI – Repeated episode of bacteriuria or symptomatic UTI
- Persistent – Persistent of bacteriuria despite antibiotic treatment
- Febrile UTI – Accompanied by fever and other physical signs of UTI
- Cystitis – Inflammation of the bladder
- Urethritis – Inflammation of the urethra
- Pyelonephritis - Inflammation of upper urinary tract and kidneys
- Urosepsis – Febrile UTI coexisting with systemic signs of bacterial illness; blood culture reveals the presence of the urinary pathogen
Clinical Manifestation of UTI
- Pain, burning, or a stinging sensation when peeing
- Increased urge to urinate or frequent urination
- Fever (though not always present)
- Frequent night waking to go to the bathroom (Enuresis)
Treatment Management of UTI
- Antibiotics prescribed for 1-2 weeks
- Diuretics may be given
- If with heart failure: keep the child in a semi-Fowler's position, give digitalis and oxygen
- If with hypertension: an anti-hypertensive medication be given
- Diet: restrict salt to avoid edema and low protein intake to reduce protein in the urine
- Weigh the child every day
- Monitor intake and output
- Bed rest may be advised
Nursing Diagnosis for UTI
- Excessive fluid volume
- Activity intolerance
- Risk for injury
Contributing Factors to UTI in children
- Infrequent urination
- Incomplete emptying of the bladder
- Constipation
- Catheterization
- Previous UTIs
- Children who receive antibiotics
- Tight clothing or diapers
- Sexual intercourse
- Altered urine and bladder chemistry
Preventative measures for UTI
- Avoid bubble baths and strong soaps
- Wear cotton underwear instead of nylon
- Drink plenty of fluids
- Avoid caffeine
Burn
- A type of injury to skin or flesh
Common Causes of Burns
- Thermal:
- Scalding
- Contact with hot objects
- Fireworks
- Electrical:
- High voltage
- Low voltage
- Chemicals:
- Ingestion
- Spilling onto the skin
Prevention of Burns
- Remove child's safety seat or stroller from the hot sun when not in use
- Before leaving the car on a hot day, hide the seat belts' metal latch plates in the seats to prevent the sun from hitting them directly
- Apply sunscreen 20-30 minutes before going out and reapply every 2 hours or more often if in water
- Use a product with an SPF of 15 or higher
- Do not use sunscreen on infants under 6 months of age
Common Complications of Burns
- Infection
- Pneumonia
- Cellulitis
- Urinary tract infections
- Respiratory failure
- Anemia
- Compartment syndrome
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Keloids
- Breathing problems
- Circumferential burns
- Burns to areas with flexion creases
- Fluid and electrolyte problems
- Shock
- Risk of death
Prognosis of Burns
- Prognosis is worse in those with larger burns, older age, and females
- The Baux score is used to determine prognosis of major burns
- The score is determined by adding the size of the burn (%TBSA) to the age of the person, to predict percent mortality after trauma
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Description
This quiz covers essential knowledge about dehydration in children, a common complication during illness. It includes causes such as fluid losses from vomiting or diarrhea, and outlines effective treatment modalities, from oral rehydration solutions to intravenous catheter insertion. Test your understanding of the risks and management strategies involved.
