Dehydration in Children: Causes and Treatments
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Dehydration in Children: Causes and Treatments

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Questions and Answers

What is a vital function of fluids in the body?

  • Regulating body weight
  • Increasing muscle mass
  • Transporting nutrients, gases, and wastes (correct)
  • Improving skin elasticity

    • Which of the following indicates severe dehydration based on the classification?

  • Normal eye appearance
  • Restless or irritable mental status
  • Weak or absent radial pulse (correct)
  • Palpable radial pulse

    • What does a skin pinch that goes back very slowly (> 2 seconds) indicate?

  • Normal hydration status
  • Severe dehydration (correct)
  • Some dehydration
  • Excess hydration

    • What is a primary role of electrolytes in the body?

    <p>Facilitating cellular reactions and functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation is typical for someone with no dehydration?

    <p>Normal thirst level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a patient with some dehydration?

    <p>Restless or irritable mental status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

    <p>Transporting electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign would show NO severe or some dehydration?

    <p>No thirst, drinks normally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step when addressing dehydration if shock is present?

    <p>Treat shock if present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do infants experience a higher degree of dehydration compared to adults?

    <p>They have a higher metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom indicates a potential case of overhydration?

    <p>Presence of peri orbital edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should ongoing fluid losses be monitored in a dehydrated child?

    <p>Conduct strict monitoring regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if a child remains lethargic during dehydration treatment?

    <p>Check blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done once a child has stabilized after dehydration?

    <p>Reassess the degree of dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to higher fluid loss in children compared to adults?

    <p>Greater surface area of the GI tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be administered for every loose stool or vomiting in a child with dehydration?

    <p>ORS for 4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of symptomatic bacteriuria?

    <p>Bacteriuria accompanied by physical signs of a UTI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes recurrent UTI?

    <p>It occurs regularly and consists of multiple episodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of febrile UTI?

    <p>It is associated with fever and other physical signs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which recommendation is correct for preventing urinary tract infections?

    <p>Wear cotton underwear instead of nylon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes persistent bacteriuria?

    <p>It persists despite antibiotic treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with excess protein in the urine?

    <p>Foamy urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following management strategies is recommended for a child experiencing fluid retention?

    <p>Restrict salt intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT typically associated with UTI?

    <p>Sudden weight gain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cystitis is correct?

    <p>Cystitis specifically refers to inflammation of the bladder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying cause is most likely to contribute to excessive fluid volume in children?

    <p>Renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical manifestation is least likely to occur with a UTI?

    <p>Severe abdominal pain unrelated to urination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial infection is specifically noted as associated with urinary tract infections in neonates?

    <p>Streptococcus group B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate nursing diagnosis for a child with activity intolerance related to anemia?

    <p>Excessive Fluid Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary modification should be considered for a child with proteinuria?

    <p>Restrict protein intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a child with heart failure, what position is recommended?

    <p>Semi-fowler's position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can alter the gastrointestinal flora in a child receiving treatment for a urinary tract infection?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done before leaving a car on a hot day regarding seat belts?

    <p>Hide the seat belts' metal latch plates from direct sunlight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication of burns?

    <p>Anemia secondary to burns greater than 10% TBSA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor in determining the prognosis of major burns?

    <p>The patient's age and the size of the burn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should sunscreen be reapplied?

    <p>Every 2 hours or more often if in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause breathing problems in burn patients?

    <p>Swelling and inflammation of the airway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is associated with circumferential burns to limbs?

    <p>Constricted blood flow endangering the extremity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What SPF is recommended for sunscreen applications?

    <p>SPF 15 or higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological condition may occur after severe burns?

    <p>Post-traumatic stress disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dehydration

    • A common complication of illness in children
    • Volume depletion in children is due to fluid losses from vomiting or diarrhea

    Development and Biological

    • Smaller children have a greater proportion of body water to weight and a larger proportion of extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid
    • Infants have a larger proportional surface area of the GI tract than adults
    • Infants have a greater body surface area and a higher metabolic rate than adults

    Treatment Modalities

    • For severe dehydration:
      • Treat shock if present
      • Administer oral rehydration solution (ORS)
      • Insert a peripheral IV line using a large IV catheter
      • Administer Lactated Ringer's solution and monitor infusion rate
      • Monitor for peri-orbital edema (sign of overhydration), regulate flow rate accurately
    • For some dehydration:
      • Administer ORS for 4 hours for every loose stool or vomiting episode
      • Encourage additional age-appropriate fluid intake

    Classification of Degree of Dehydration (WHO Adaption)

    • Severe Dehydration: Lethargic or unconscious, weak or absent radial pulse, sunken eyes, skin goes back slowly (>2 seconds), drinks poorly or not at all
    • Some Dehydration: Restless or irritable, palpable radial pulse, sunken eyes, skin goes back slowly (<2 seconds), thirst, drinks quickly
    • No Dehydration: Normal mental status, easily palpable radial pulse, normal eyes, skin goes back quickly (<1 second), no thirst, drinks normally

    Urinary Tract infection (UTI)

    • Causes:
      • Bacterial infections (e.g., E. coli, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus)
      • Fungi (e.g., Candida species)
    • Pathophysiology:
      • Asymptomatic bacteriuria – Significant bacteriuria with no evidence of clinical infection
      • Symptomatic bacteriuria – Accompanied by physical signs of UTI
      • Recurrent UTI – Repeated episode of bacteriuria or symptomatic UTI
      • Persistent – Persistent of bacteriuria despite antibiotic treatment
      • Febrile UTI – Accompanied by fever and other physical signs of UTI
        • Cystitis – Inflammation of the bladder
        • Urethritis – Inflammation of the urethra
        • Pyelonephritis - Inflammation of upper urinary tract and kidneys
        • Urosepsis – Febrile UTI coexisting with systemic signs of bacterial illness; blood culture reveals the presence of the urinary pathogen

    Clinical Manifestation of UTI

    • Pain, burning, or a stinging sensation when peeing
    • Increased urge to urinate or frequent urination
    • Fever (though not always present)
    • Frequent night waking to go to the bathroom (Enuresis)

    Treatment Management of UTI

    • Antibiotics prescribed for 1-2 weeks
    • Diuretics may be given
    • If with heart failure: keep the child in a semi-Fowler's position, give digitalis and oxygen
    • If with hypertension: an anti-hypertensive medication be given
    • Diet: restrict salt to avoid edema and low protein intake to reduce protein in the urine
    • Weigh the child every day
    • Monitor intake and output
    • Bed rest may be advised

    Nursing Diagnosis for UTI

    • Excessive fluid volume
    • Activity intolerance
    • Risk for injury

    Contributing Factors to UTI in children

    • Infrequent urination
    • Incomplete emptying of the bladder
    • Constipation
    • Catheterization
    • Previous UTIs
    • Children who receive antibiotics
    • Tight clothing or diapers
    • Sexual intercourse
    • Altered urine and bladder chemistry

    Preventative measures for UTI

    • Avoid bubble baths and strong soaps
    • Wear cotton underwear instead of nylon
    • Drink plenty of fluids
    • Avoid caffeine

    Burn

    • A type of injury to skin or flesh

    Common Causes of Burns

    • Thermal:
      • Scalding
      • Contact with hot objects
      • Fireworks
    • Electrical:
      • High voltage
      • Low voltage
    • Chemicals:
      • Ingestion
      • Spilling onto the skin

    Prevention of Burns

    • Remove child's safety seat or stroller from the hot sun when not in use
    • Before leaving the car on a hot day, hide the seat belts' metal latch plates in the seats to prevent the sun from hitting them directly
    • Apply sunscreen 20-30 minutes before going out and reapply every 2 hours or more often if in water
    • Use a product with an SPF of 15 or higher
    • Do not use sunscreen on infants under 6 months of age

    Common Complications of Burns

    • Infection
    • Pneumonia
    • Cellulitis
    • Urinary tract infections
    • Respiratory failure
    • Anemia
    • Compartment syndrome
    • Rhabdomyolysis
    • Keloids
    • Breathing problems
    • Circumferential burns
    • Burns to areas with flexion creases
    • Fluid and electrolyte problems
    • Shock
    • Risk of death

    Prognosis of Burns

    • Prognosis is worse in those with larger burns, older age, and females
    • The Baux score is used to determine prognosis of major burns
    • The score is determined by adding the size of the burn (%TBSA) to the age of the person, to predict percent mortality after trauma

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    Related Documents

    Module 3A: Alterations in Fluids & Electrolytes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential knowledge about dehydration in children, a common complication during illness. It includes causes such as fluid losses from vomiting or diarrhea, and outlines effective treatment modalities, from oral rehydration solutions to intravenous catheter insertion. Test your understanding of the risks and management strategies involved.

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