Deformation in Metals
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of ceramics?

  • High melting points
  • Low electrical and thermal conductivity
  • Great hardness and strength
  • High ductility (correct)

What type of bond is characterized by the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms?

  • Covalent bond (correct)
  • Metallic bond
  • Hydrogen bond
  • Ionic bond

Which of the following is an example of a natural material used in biomaterials?

  • Polyurethanes
  • Hyaluronic acid (correct)
  • PTFE
  • Bioactive glasses

What determines the function of a material according to the text?

<p>Structure/composition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bonding is characterized by electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions?

<p>Ionic bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding is responsible for the hydrophobic effect?

<p>Van der Waals forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of metals?

<p>Low melting point (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a surface characterization technique mentioned in the text?

<p>Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is true about the contact angle (θC)?

<p>θC &gt; 90° is hydrophobic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a type of Light Microscopy mentioned in the text?

<p>Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a scanning probe technique?

<p>Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is true about polycrystalline materials?

<p>Each crystal is a separate grain within the material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a common deformation mechanism in metals?

<p>Deformation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a tradeoff in surface characterization techniques mentioned in the text?

<p>Surface sensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a biomimetic approach in the neural context?

<p>Implanted devices that exhibit similar mechanical properties to the natural neural environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between biomimicry and bioinspiration?

<p>Biomimicry closely matches the natural subject, while bioinspiration leverages materials from nature to enhance an engineered system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common biomimetic approach in the neural context?

<p>Permanent synthetic structures causing inflammation and damage over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of alterations in implanted devices in the neural context?

<p>Physical, chemical, and electrical alterations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are the first to react to device implantation in the neural context?

<p>Proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the downstream effects of device implantation in the neural context?

<p>Protein conformation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are permanent synthetic structures more likely to cause inflammation and damage over time in the neural context?

<p>They are not dynamic and living (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy technique scans a very small light source very close to the sample to form an image?

<p>Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the cantilever in Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)?

<p>~ 100 mm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which mode of operation does AFM exert a torque on the scanning cantilever?

<p>Lateral force mode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy technique images the magnetic field of the surface?

<p>Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of the tip at the cantilever interface in AFM?

<p>~ 4 mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which mode of operation does AFM image the distribution of thermal conductivity?

<p>Thermal scanning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy technique can provide resolution below that of the conventional light microscope?

<p>Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which mode of operation does AFM have a weak (attractive) force of interaction?

<p>Non-contact mode (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy technique uses a vibrating probe in non-contact mode?

<p>Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM)?

<p>Scanning a very small light source very close to the sample and detecting the light energy forms the image.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resolution capability of NSOM compared to conventional light microscopy?

<p>NSOM can provide resolution below that of the conventional light microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the AFM cantilever?

<p>~ 100 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of the AFM tip at the cantilever interface?

<p>~ 4 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of the AFM tip at the apex?

<p>~ 20-40 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which mode of operation does AFM have a strong (repulsive) force of interaction?

<p>Contact mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which mode of operation does AFM have a weak (attractive) force of interaction?

<p>Non-contact mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of forces exert a torque on the scanning cantilever in AFM?

<p>Frictional forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does AFM image when operating in thermal scanning mode?

<p>The distribution of thermal conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between biomimicry and bioinspiration?

<p>Biomimicry aims to match the natural subject as closely as possible, while bioinspiration leverages materials, methods, or other cues from nature and applies them toward analogous functions to enhance an engineered system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are the first to react to device implantation in the neural context?

<p>Proteins are the first molecules to react to device implantation in the neural context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are permanent synthetic structures more likely to cause inflammation and damage over time in the neural context?

<p>Permanent synthetic structures are more likely to cause inflammation and damage over time in the neural context because they are not dynamic and living like the natural neural environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the downstream effects of device implantation in the neural context?

<p>The conformation of proteins determines the downstream effects of device implantation in the neural context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the function of a material according to the text?

<p>The structure-function relationship of a material determines its function according to the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of alterations in implanted devices in the neural context?

<p>The three types of alterations in implanted devices in the neural context are mechanical, chemical, and electrical alterations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT a common biomimetic approach in the neural context?

<p>Permanent synthetic structures are NOT a common biomimetic approach in the neural context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some advantages of living systems in dynamically responding to a changing environment?

<p>Some advantages of living systems in dynamically responding to a changing environment include bulk stiffness and flexibility, managing the protein corona, ionic conductors, cell-seeded scaffolding, surface topography, bioactive surfaces, flexible conductors, tissue ingrowth/remodeling, size and form factor, antioxidants and free-radical scavengers, electrically responsive materials, and biodegradable systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some important material properties for medical applications?

<p>Some important material properties for medical applications include acoustical properties, atomic properties, chemical properties, electrical properties, environmental properties, magnetic properties, manufacturing properties, mechanical properties, optical properties, radiological properties, and thermal properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some advantages of natural materials in biomaterials?

<p>Some advantages of natural materials in biomaterials include biofunctionality, biodegradability, and less inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some advantages of synthetic materials in biomaterials?

<p>Some advantages of synthetic materials in biomaterials include property tuning and processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some disadvantages of natural materials in biomaterials?

<p>Some disadvantages of natural materials in biomaterials include mechanical properties, stability, processing, and immunogenicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some disadvantages of synthetic materials in biomaterials?

<p>Some disadvantages of synthetic materials in biomaterials include loss of cell function, inflammation, and potential for the loss of cell function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some characteristics of ceramics?

<p>Some characteristics of ceramics include being nonmetallic and inorganic solids, having ionic bonding, high melting points, great hardness and strength, considerable durability, low electrical and thermal conductivity, and chemical inertness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the number of grain boundaries and the amount of dislocations and plastic deformation in a material?

<p>The more grain boundaries there are, the more dislocations and plastic deformation are hindered, resulting in increased strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Young's equation and how does it relate to contact angle and wettability?

<p>Young's equation describes the thermodynamic equilibrium between three phases (gas/air, liquid, and solid) at the interface. It relates the contact angle (θC) to the interfacial energy and provides information about the wettability of the surface. A contact angle less than 90° indicates hydrophilicity, while a contact angle greater than 90° indicates hydrophobicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the depth of analysis for FTIR-ATR analysis of bonds and how does it compare to ESCA?

<p>The depth of analysis for FTIR-ATR depends on the refractive index of the ATR scanning element and is typically greater than 0.5 mm. FTIR-ATR provides more information than ESCA but is less surface sensitive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and how is it useful for surface analysis?

<p>XPS, also known as ESCA, involves the impingement of X-rays on a sample surface, resulting in the release of core electrons as photoelectrons. The kinetic energy and binding energy of these photoelectrons can be measured and mapped to the parent element/atom, making XPS useful for elemental analysis of polymer surfaces and coatings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three most common scanning probe techniques and how do they work?

<p>The three most common scanning probe techniques are Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), and Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM). AFM measures the interaction force between a tip and surface, STM measures a weak electrical current flowing between a tip and sample, and SPM is very good for surface profiling/ultrastructure/surface interaction analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary electron bombardment in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and how does it create an 'area map'?

<p>In SEM, the sample surface is bombarded with electrons, resulting in the excitation and emission of secondary and backscattered electrons from atoms in a small area extending into the sample surface. The emitted electrons are detected as an 'area map' (micrograph) of the characteristic bombarded region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of Light Microscopy compared to other microscopy techniques?

<p>Light microscopy, including brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, and fluorescence microscopy, is good for analyzing samples at micron level resolution. It is also useful for cell-material analysis since most cells are in the micron range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following properties to their respective material types:

<p>Mechanical properties = Orthopedic Implants Chemical properties = All materials Magnetic properties = MRI compatible materials Thermal properties = Ablation, RF Heat Dissipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bond types to their descriptions:

<p>Ionic bond = Electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions Covalent bond = Sharing of valence electrons between two atoms Metallic bond = Sharing of valence electrons between groups of atoms in 3-D Hydrogen bonding = Secondary bonding, weak intermolecular interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following material types to their properties:

<p>Ceramics = High melting points, great hardness and strength, low electrical and thermal conductivity Metals = Conductivity, often used in medical devices Natural materials = Biofunctionality, biodegradable, less inflammation Synthetic materials = Property 'tuning', processing, can cause inflammation and loss of cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following material types to their examples:

<p>Natural materials = Proteins: collagen, fibrin, elastin Synthetic materials = Polymers: polyurethanes, PTFE, PE, polysiloxanes Ceramics = HA, bioactive glasses Metals = Ti/Ti-alloys, Co-Cr alloys, stainless steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of bonds to their associated materials:

<p>Ionic bonds = Ceramics Covalent bonds = Polymers, organics Metallic bonds = Metals Hydrogen bonds = Intermolecular interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following properties to their applications in the text:

<p>Electrical properties = Neuromodulation, Stimulation Manufacturing properties = All materials, Processing Radiological properties = Intraoperative Imaging Optical properties = Contact Lenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following materials to their advantages:

<p>Natural materials = Biofunctionality, biodegradable, less inflammation Synthetic materials = Property 'tuning', processing Ceramics = High melting points, great hardness and strength, low electrical and thermal conductivity Metals = Conductivity, often used in medical devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following term to its correct description:

<p>Biomimicry = Approach to match the natural subject as closely as possible Biocompatibility = Ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application Bioinspiration = Approach that leverages materials, methods, or other cues from nature to enhance an engineered system Inflammation = A protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following approaches to their corresponding details in a neural context:

<p>Physical = Brain features are small and mechanically pliant Chemical = Proteins are the first molecules to react to device implantation Electrical = Neural tissues are excitable by ionic currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their corresponding definitions:

<p>StructureFunction = Materials aspect of bioMATERIALS Material Selection / Design = Process of choosing materials based on their properties for specific applications Tissue Engr. = Engineering of tissues for medical purposes Drug Delivery = Method of delivering drugs to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the drug in some parts of the body relative to others</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

<p>Biomimetic = Derived from living forms, mimics the structure or function of a biological entity Bio-Inspired Biomaterials = Materials inspired by biological processes and structures Neural Context = Referring to the nervous system Scale NanoMacro = Refers to the scale from nano (very small) to macro (very large)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Protein-Material Interactions = Interactions between proteins and materials that influence the performance of a material Cell-Material Interactions = Interactions between cells and materials that influence the performance of a material Blood Compatibility = The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in blood-related applications Orthopedic Applications = Use of materials in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>Biomimicry = An approach that attempts to emulate nature's strategies and principles to solve human problems Bioinspiration = An approach that uses ideas from nature to improve engineering systems Neural Context = Referring to the nervous system Biomaterials = Materials used in contact with the human body for medical purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

<p>Bio aspect of BIOmaterials = The biological component of materials used in medicine Materials aspects of bioMATERIALS = The physical properties and behaviors of materials used in medicine Neural = Relating to the nervous system Orthopedic = Relating to the branch of medicine dealing with the correction of deformities of bones or muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microscopy techniques with their descriptions:

<p>NSOM = Scans a small light source very close to the sample AFM = Uses a cantilever and tip for imaging AFM (contact mode) = Has a strong (repulsive) force of interaction AFM (non-contact mode) = Has a weak (attractive) force of interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following AFM modes of operation with their corresponding force of interaction:

<p>Contact mode = Strong (repulsive) Non-contact mode = Weak (attractive) Lateral force mode = Frictional forces exert a torque on the scanning cantilever Magnetic force mode = Images the magnetic field of the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following dimensions of the AFM cantilever and tip with their respective values:

<p>Cantilever length = ~ 100 mm Tip diameter at cantilever interface = ~ 4 mm Tip diameter at apex = ~ 20-40 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following AFM modes of operation with their corresponding interactions:

<p>Contact mode = Strong (repulsive) Non-contact mode = Weak (attractive) Lateral force mode = Frictional forces exert a torque Thermal scanning mode = Images the distribution of thermal conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microscopy techniques with their capabilities:

<p>NSOM = Can provide resolution below that of the conventional light microscope AFM = Can image the distribution of thermal conductivity when operating in thermal scanning mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following AFM components with their dimensions:

<p>Cantilever = ~ 100 mm long Tip at cantilever interface = ~ 4 mm dia Tip at apex = ~ 20-40 nm dia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following AFM modes of operation with their corresponding forces of interaction:

<p>Contact mode = Strong (repulsive) Non-contact mode = Weak (attractive) Lateral force mode = Frictional forces exert a torque on the scanning cantilever</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microscopy techniques with their primary methods of operation:

<p>AFM (contact mode) = Maintains constant force or distance NSOM = Scans a small light source very close to the sample AFM = Uses a cantilever and tip for imaging AFM (non-contact mode) = Uses a vibrating probe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following AFM modes of operation with their respective interactions:

<p>Contact mode = Strong (repulsive) force of interaction Non-contact mode = Weak (attractive) force of interaction Lateral force mode = Frictional forces exert a torque on the scanning cantilever Magnetic force mode = Images the magnetic field of the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microscopy techniques with their descriptions:

<p>Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) = Sample surface is bombarded with electrons, creating an 'area map' of the bombarded region Light Microscopy = Good for analyzing samples at micron level resolution Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) = Very good for surface profiling/ultrastructure/surface interaction analysis X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) = Useful for elemental analysis of polymer surfaces and coatings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Slip = Allows plastic deformation without breaking an entire plane of atoms at once, common in metals Young's Equation = Describes the thermodynamic (energy) equilibrium between three phases at the interface Polycrystalline materials = Materials with many crystals, each crystal is a separate grain within the material Contact Angle = The angle at which a fluid interface meets a solid surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) with their definitions:

<p>Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) = Measures the interaction force between the tip and surface Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) = Measures a weak electrical current flowing between tip and sample Surface profiling = A process that involves scanning the surface of a material to obtain its profile Ultrastructure = The detailed structure of a biological specimen, such as a cell, tissue, or organ, that is visible only with an electron microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to surface energy with their definitions:

<p>Hydrophilic = Describes a surface that has a contact angle less than 90 degrees Hydrophobic = Describes a surface that has a contact angle greater than 90 degrees Interfacial energy = Can be measured using the contact angle Wettability = A property of a surface that can be inferred from the contact angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microscopy techniques with their uses:

<p>Light Microscopy = Good for cell-material analysis since most cells are in the micron range Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) = Useful for examining the surface of a material Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) = Excellent for surface profiling and surface interaction analysis X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) = Very useful for elemental analysis of polymer surfaces and coatings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to the behavior of materials with their definitions:

<p>Dislocation = Can transit across grain boundaries, but very difficult Slip = Allows plastic deformation without breaking an entire plane of atoms at once Grain boundaries = The interface where crystals of different orientations meet within a polycrystalline material Ductility = A measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to surface characterization techniques and trade-offs:

<p>Depth of analysis = Depends on refractive index of ATR scanning element in FTIR-ATR Surface Energy = Can be determined using Young's Equation X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) = Also called Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) Trade-offs = Considerations such as depth, spatial resolution and cost in surface characterization techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

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