Definitions of Life and Molecules

<p>The arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits into a multi-subunit complex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintenance of osmotic pressure and transport of nonpolar substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It signals the translocation of GLUT4 transporter proteins to the cell membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes protein synthesis, increase in muscle cells, and bone growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three strands of procollagen cross-linked via hydrogen bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteries, lungs, skin, and elastic ligaments/cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They consist of a core protein with many polar carbohydrate (CHO) side chains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To crosslink other matrix proteins such as collagen and proteoglycans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10-35% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The regulation of internal conditions to maintain a stable environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catabolism breaks down complex molecules to release energy used in anabolism to synthesize new ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can form stable bonds with many other elements, including itself, allowing for diverse and complex molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Living organisms convert energy from one form to another without creating or destroying it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as the common energy currency for cellular processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Micronutrients are required in small amounts, while macronutrients are required in large amounts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA is single-stranded and uses uracil instead of thymine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needs 2 more electrons; likely to form covalent bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intermolecular bonds are weaker and require less energy to break. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High electronegativity differences lead to unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in polar covalent bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are repelled by water molecules and seek each other out. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acids act as proton donors, increasing the concentration of hydronium ions, which lowers the pH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spatial isomers have the same bonding arrangement but different spatial positioning of atoms, while structural isomers have differing bonds between atoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reaction releases energy and is spontaneous. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Being composed of one or more cells, vital units of life.

The chemical processes necessary for maintaining life, including catabolism and anabolism.

Regulation of the internal environment to maintain stability, like temperature control.

The ability of life forms to react to environmental changes.

Adenosine triphosphate, the common energy currency of life.

Nutrients required in large amounts, such as carbs and proteins.

Nutrients needed in small amounts, like vitamins and minerals.

Bonds formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Bonds formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Weak attractions between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another.

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system; higher entropy means less energy.

The maximum amount of energy available to do work in a system, expressed as ΔG.

Reactions that release energy and occur spontaneously, having a negative ΔG.

Reactions that absorb energy, occurring non-spontaneously with a positive ΔG.

Substances vital to an organism’s growth, maintenance, and repair, providing energy or building blocks.

Rate of energy expenditure at rest; calories burned in 24 hours.

Calories burned through digesting and processing food.

Amino acids that must be obtained through diet; 9 out of 20.

A molecule formed from 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond.

A chain of >50 amino acids linked together.

Combination of multiple folded protein subunits.

The process that disrupts protein structure, affecting its function.

Proteins that move and perform functions throughout the body.

Proteins that remain fixed at specific sites in the body.

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Oxygen-binding protein in muscle cells.

Hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by enabling cellular uptake.

Most abundant protein in mammals, provides structural support.

Protein that forms thin filaments in muscle cells.

Molecules made of a core protein and polysaccharide chains, important in tissues.