30 Questions
What is a potential method of direct infection for droplet infections?
Droplet nuclei
In utero infection can occur through which route according to the text?
Blood transfusion
Which infection can be transmitted through inhalation of droplet nuclei?
Meningococcal meningitis
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a mode of HIV transmission in the text?
Blood transfusion
What mode of transmission is characteristic of developed countries for Poliomyelitis?
Respiratory infection only
What is a common feature of droplet infections related to the reservoir and new host?
Crowding; ill ventilation
What is the study of all factors involved in the development of a disease?
Etiology
Which term refers to a form of immunity that occurs when a significant portion of a population is vaccinated?
Herd immunity
What is the science that deals with the mutual relation between man and his environment?
Ecology
In epidemiology, what does 'reservoir of infection' refer to?
The person or object that transmits the disease to the host
Which of the following is a risk factor for communicable diseases in developing countries?
Insanitary environment
What is the term for the invasion of the body by pathogenic organisms?
Infection
What determines the sequelae of infection?
Host factors
Which of the following is NOT a basic link in the infection cycle?
Pathogen Mutation
In the infection cycle, where is infection maintained in the community?
Reservoir of Infection
Which factor is considered a quantitative determination of infection?
Number of invading organisms
What characteristic differentiates cases from carriers as reservoirs of infection?
Manifestations of disease
Which type of infection cycle involves both human and animal reservoirs?
Yellow fever
What does the term 'epidemiology' refer to?
The study of what happens to people when involved by disease
Which of the following best describes the focus of epidemiology regarding disease occurrence?
Determinants and dynamics of occurrence
What are the components of the infection cycle discussed in epidemiology?
Reservoir, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
In epidemiology, what does 'distribution' refer to?
How often diseases occur regarding time, place, and persons
What is one of the objectives of epidemiology?
Identify the factors that cause spread of the disease
Why is it important to understand the determinants and dynamics of disease occurrence in epidemiology?
To guide prevention and control efforts
How are droplet nuclei different from droplet spray?
Droplet nuclei are smaller in size and lighter than droplet spray.
What is a potential risk factor for certain parasitic infections?
Using polluted water for drinking and food preparation
How do houseflies and possibly cockroaches contribute to the transmission of infections?
By carrying and spreading organisms mechanically
What is the main mode of transmission for haemolytic streptococci causing pharyngitis?
Direct droplet infection
What distinguishes droplet infection from ingestion infections?
Droplet infection involves respiratory mucosa while ingestion infections affect the gastrointestinal tract.
Why can droplet nuclei remain suspended in the air for hours?
They are smaller in size and lighter than spray droplets.
Explore key definitions in epidemiology including etiology and ecology. Learn about the factors involved in the development of diseases and the study of the mutual relation between man and his environment. Understand determinants of disease and health related to hosts, agents, and environment.
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