Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does ILO Convention No. 169 (1989) emphasize regarding indigenous groups?
What does ILO Convention No. 169 (1989) emphasize regarding indigenous groups?
The 1950s integration policies aimed to preserve indigenous cultures.
The 1950s integration policies aimed to preserve indigenous cultures.
False
Who defined indigenous people as non-dominant groups preserving ancestral territories and identity?
Who defined indigenous people as non-dominant groups preserving ancestral territories and identity?
Martinez Cobo
The term used to describe policies that often create new forms of discrimination against indigenous people is __________.
The term used to describe policies that often create new forms of discrimination against indigenous people is __________.
Signup and view all the answers
What significant shift occurred in the 1980s-1990s regarding indigenous movements?
What significant shift occurred in the 1980s-1990s regarding indigenous movements?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following authors with their contributions to the politics of indigeneity:
Match the following authors with their contributions to the politics of indigeneity:
Signup and view all the answers
Collective rights for indigenous peoples have been strengthened by state withdrawal during neoliberalism.
Collective rights for indigenous peoples have been strengthened by state withdrawal during neoliberalism.
Signup and view all the answers
Escobar & De la Cadena propose that development should be questioned as a __________ paradigm.
Escobar & De la Cadena propose that development should be questioned as a __________ paradigm.
Signup and view all the answers
What was a significant criticism of the Women in Development (WID) approach?
What was a significant criticism of the Women in Development (WID) approach?
Signup and view all the answers
The Gender and Development (GAD) approach emphasizes the importance of structural causes of women's subordination.
The Gender and Development (GAD) approach emphasizes the importance of structural causes of women's subordination.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'feminisation of poverty' refer to?
What does the term 'feminisation of poverty' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
The rights focus of __________ involves bodily autonomy, abortion, and contraception.
The rights focus of __________ involves bodily autonomy, abortion, and contraception.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following structures does GAD view as playing a significant role in shaping gender roles?
Which of the following structures does GAD view as playing a significant role in shaping gender roles?
Signup and view all the answers
Feminism and multiculturalism have completely removed colonial legacies.
Feminism and multiculturalism have completely removed colonial legacies.
Signup and view all the answers
Identify one intersectionality that gender intersects with as mentioned in the content.
Identify one intersectionality that gender intersects with as mentioned in the content.
Signup and view all the answers
Women often perform __________ care work, exacerbating social inequalities.
Women often perform __________ care work, exacerbating social inequalities.
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the rights emphasized by Reproductive Justice?
What is one of the rights emphasized by Reproductive Justice?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one major reason Indigenous people in Colombia engage in coca farming?
What is one major reason Indigenous people in Colombia engage in coca farming?
Signup and view all the answers
Indigenous peoples are commonly depicted as both backward and harmonious in stereotypes.
Indigenous peoples are commonly depicted as both backward and harmonious in stereotypes.
Signup and view all the answers
What term refers to Indigenous rights recognized in the 2008 constitution of Ecuador?
What term refers to Indigenous rights recognized in the 2008 constitution of Ecuador?
Signup and view all the answers
The ________ program was designed for crop substitution for coca farming.
The ________ program was designed for crop substitution for coca farming.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best characterizes the outcomes of the state investments during the modernization policies?
Which of the following best characterizes the outcomes of the state investments during the modernization policies?
Signup and view all the answers
Indigenous women in Ecuador benefited from the 1964 Agrarian Reform.
Indigenous women in Ecuador benefited from the 1964 Agrarian Reform.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the modernity versus tradition debate often oversimplify?
What does the modernity versus tradition debate often oversimplify?
Signup and view all the answers
The concept of ________ refers to institutionalized racial inequalities stemming from colonial histories.
The concept of ________ refers to institutionalized racial inequalities stemming from colonial histories.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following examples of exclusion with their corresponding regions:
Match the following examples of exclusion with their corresponding regions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is one potential consequence of the constructed category of Indigeneity?
What is one potential consequence of the constructed category of Indigeneity?
Signup and view all the answers
Policy interventions have fully resolved power struggles over norms in Indigenous communities.
Policy interventions have fully resolved power struggles over norms in Indigenous communities.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one key question posed regarding policy towards Indigenous communities.
Name one key question posed regarding policy towards Indigenous communities.
Signup and view all the answers
Under modernisation policies, state investments mainly supported ________ over Indigenous populations.
Under modernisation policies, state investments mainly supported ________ over Indigenous populations.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Defining Indigeneity
- ILO Convention No. 169 (1989) defines indigenous groups based on pre-colonial ancestry, distinct culture, and self-identification. This highlights potential for both empowering and limiting definitions.
- Martinez Cobo (1981) emphasizes indigenous people as non-dominant groups preserving ancestral territories and collective identity.
- Defining indigeneity poses challenges due to its reliance on historical, cultural, and subjective self-identification, influencing political and policy implications.
Integration to Multiculturalism
- 1950s integration policies (ILO 107) aimed to 'civilize' indigenous people, often with discriminatory outcomes.
- This is exemplified by policies like Brazil legally classifying indigenous people as minors unless integrated and Colombia exempting them from national laws under missionary guidance.
- A shift to pluralism and multiculturalism occurred in the 1980s-1990s with strong indigenous movements.
Key International Legislation
- ILO 169 (1989) rejects integration, promoting indigenous autonomy, pluralism, and cultural ties to land. It recognizes collective rights and natural resource access.
- 1990s reforms in Latin America strengthened constitutions to recognize indigenous autonomy, land rights, cultural practices, and justice systems. This strengthened collective rights but sometimes coincided with state withdrawal and neoliberalism.
Politics of Indigeneity
- Identity and authenticity are complex issues. Villaman & Hale highlight the limitations of an "authorized Indian" concept, while Ramos critiques the "hyperreal Indian" stereotype and Bessire discusses "hypermarginality."
- Recognition versus redistribution (Honneth & Fraser) shows ethnic politics often demanding recognition and difference, unlike other class-based considerations.
- New forms of discrimination against Indigenous people persist, sometimes through stereotypes ("good natives") and policies like Australia's cashless welfare card promoting paternalism.
Post-Development Thinking
- Escobar and De la Cadena advocate for place-based territorial projects respecting diverse worldviews, questioning development as a universal paradigm.
- Multiculturalism's limitations are also discussed, as inclusivity may often impose external development definitions.
Indigenous Communities in Colombia
- Indigenous participation in illicit economies (e.g., coca farming) is noted, creating paradoxical dilemmas regarding funding cultural traditions and exclusion from programs like crop substitution projects due to assumed victimhood.
- This demonstrates the tension between public perceptions and local realities.
Conclusions
- Indigeneity is a politically and legally constructed category with real-world impacts.
- Policies aiming for collectivity and equality can unintentionally disempower indigenous communities, obscuring the complexities of indigeneity.
- Essential questions about policy design—avoiding stereotypes and recognizing liberation under imposed categories—remain relevant.
Indigenous Peoples and Modernity
- Global indigenous populations are estimated at 370 million (UN). Indigenous groups are defined by concepts of seniority, non-domination, cultural distinction, and self-determination.
- Stereotypes persist regarding indigenous peoples being either backward/violent or simplistic/harmonious.
- Modernity/tradition dichotomies are a globally impacting and debated perspective on indigenous peoples.
Critique of Modernity/Tradition Dichotomy
- The dichotomy is often irrelevant because traditional cultures adapt and use modern elements and modern economies/industries hybridising traditional cultures.
- Change is often perceived as loss.
Colonial Present
- Ecuador's development discourse embodies colonial legacies which created social hierarchies persisting through modernization policies favoring urban populations over Indigenous counterparts.
- Indigenous women faced compounded oppression by gender, race, and class.
Gender and Development (GAD)
- Gender is socially constructed and hierarchical, favouring male identity. Gender intersects with other identities.
- GAD critiques WID, highlighting structural constraints as a contributing factor to gender inequality.
- Unpaid labour demonstrates women's disproportionate burden, while labor market segmentation leads to feminized poverty.
From WID to GAD
- WID (Women in Development) focused on women's roles in informal economies and entrepreneurship; GAD addressed structural causes of inequality and equitable gender relations.
- Reproductive Justice expands on reproductive rights to include the right to have children, parent safely, and address structural needs.
Decolonial Critiques of Gender and Development
- Critics like Mohanty challenge universalizing narratives and the idea of "Third World women" as solely victims.
- There are situations like the weaponisation of gender, evidenced by Laura Bush's rhetoric (2001) which reinforce colonial views on different cultures.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz explores the definitions of indigeneity as outlined by key international conventions and scholars, examining the implications of these definitions on indigenous groups. It also investigates historical integration policies and the shift towards multiculturalism in the late 20th century, highlighting the struggles and achievements of indigenous movements.
