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Questions and Answers
What characterizes the concept of society according to the provided content?
What characterizes the concept of society according to the provided content?
Which type of society primarily survives by hunting and gathering?
Which type of society primarily survives by hunting and gathering?
What societal structure is primarily nomadic and revolves around tending herds?
What societal structure is primarily nomadic and revolves around tending herds?
Which period marks the beginning of industrial societies?
Which period marks the beginning of industrial societies?
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In what stage of societal development does the service sector generate more wealth than the manufacturing sector?
In what stage of societal development does the service sector generate more wealth than the manufacturing sector?
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What term describes the physical and tangible aspects of culture?
What term describes the physical and tangible aspects of culture?
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Which of the following best describes cognitive non-material culture?
Which of the following best describes cognitive non-material culture?
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What role do values play in a culture?
What role do values play in a culture?
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Which of the following is considered a type of norm that is sensitive to positive outcomes?
Which of the following is considered a type of norm that is sensitive to positive outcomes?
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What distinguishes mores from folkways?
What distinguishes mores from folkways?
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Which of the following is an example of a taboo?
Which of the following is an example of a taboo?
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Language in culture serves primarily as which of the following?
Language in culture serves primarily as which of the following?
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What are folkways primarily characterized by?
What are folkways primarily characterized by?
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Study Notes
Defining Culture and Society
- Culture encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything learned and shared within a society.
- Culture exists within a society
Classification of Culture
- Material Culture: Visible and tangible cultural components.
- Nonmaterial Culture: Intangible cultural components, lacking physical representation.
Categories of Nonmaterial Culture
- Cognitive: Ideas, concepts, philosophies, and designs that stem from the human mind.
- Normative: Expectations, standards, and rules guiding human behavior.
Elements of Culture
- Beliefs: Tenets or convictions held to be true.
- Values: Standards for distinguishing what is considered good and just in a society. Values are crucial for transmitting and teaching cultural norms.
- Symbols: Anything representing something else, evoking reactions and emotions. Symbols can be nonverbal communications or material objects.
- Language: A symbolic system allowing communication and cultural transmission. Some languages use written symbols, while others depend on spoken language and nonverbal cues.
- Norms: Define appropriate behavior based on a society's values of what is good, right, and important. Most members adhere to norms.
Types of Norms
- Prescriptive Norms: Morality focused on positive outcomes. Example: Laws against murder.
- Proscriptive Norms: Morality focused on negative outcomes. Example: Laws against theft.
- Folkways: Learned, shared behaviors within a social group; often considered customs. Not necessarily morally significant but matter for social acceptance.
- Mores: Norms reflecting morality, defining right vs. wrong; breaking mores often has serious consequences.
- Taboos: Strong negative norms that should not be violated as violations deeply upset people.
- Laws: Most important in the study of crime and criminal justice.
Aspects of Culture
- Dynamic, flexible, and adaptive
- Shared and contested
- Learned through socialization and enculturation
- Patterned social
Defining Society
- A group of people sharing a common territory and culture.
Types of Societies
- Hunting and Gathering Societies: Earliest form, relying on hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants for survival.
- Pastoral Societies: Based on pastoralism; typically nomadic focusing on tending herds or flocks.
- Horticultural Societies: Focused on cultivating plants.
- Agricultural Societies: Dependent on producing and maintaining crops and farmland.
- Industrial Societies: Developed with the Industrial Revolution (starting around 1769) relying on machinery such as the steam engine.
- Post-Industrial Societies: Characterized by a service sector generating more wealth compared to manufacturing.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the concepts of culture and society. This quiz covers definitions, classifications, and elements of culture, including material and nonmaterial aspects, values, beliefs, and symbols. Dive deep into understanding how culture shapes our social interactions and worldviews.
