Defining Crime and Its Types

Study Notes

Crime is any act or omission that violates a law and is punishable by the state.
To be considered a crime, an act must meet three criteria: legality, actus reus, and mens rea.
Legality: The act must be specifically prohibited by law at the time it was committed.
Actus Reus (Guilty Act): There must be a physical act or a failure to act (when there's a legal duty to act) that breaks the law.
Mens Rea (Guilty Mind): The individual must have had a specific state of mind or intent when committing the crime (intentional, knowing, reckless, or negligent).

Crimes are broadly classified into four types: Violent crime, property crime, white-collar crime, and organized crime.

Involves the use or threat of force against another person.
Examples:
- Homicide: Unlawful killing of another person (intentional - murder, unintentional - manslaughter).
- Assault: Attempt or threat to inflict physical harm (hitting, using a weapon).
- Robbery: Using force or intimidation to steal something of value.
- Rape and Sexual Assault: Unlawful sexual acts without consent, often with force or coercion.
Impact: Causes physical, emotional, and psychological harm, increasing fear and reducing quality of life.

Involves the taking of money or property without force or threat of force.
Motivated by financial gain.
Examples:
- Burglary: Unlawful entry into a building or structure to commit a crime (usually theft).
- Larceny/Theft: Taking someone else's property without force (shoplifting, stealing a bicycle).
- Vandalism: Intentional destruction or defacement of property (graffiti).
- Arson: Willful or malicious burning of property (buildings, vehicles).
Impact: Results in financial loss and damage, creates a sense of insecurity and violation.

Non-violent crimes committed by individuals or organizations during professional activities, involving deceit, fraud, or violation of trust for financial gain.
Examples:
- Fraud: Deceptive practices for unlawful gain (identity theft, insurance fraud).
- Embezzlement: Misappropriation of funds entrusted (accountant stealing company money).
- Insider Trading: Illegal buying or selling of securities based on non-public information.
- Bribery and Corruption: Offering or receiving something of value to influence someone in authority.
Impact: Causes massive financial damage, affecting individuals, businesses, and the economy, eroding trust in institutions.

Illegal activities carried out by structured groups (often large-scale), providing illicit goods and services.
Operate with coordination and sophistication.
Examples:
- Drug Trafficking: Illegal production, distribution, and sale of controlled substances.
- Human Trafficking: Illegal trade of humans for forced labor, sexual slavery, or exploitation.
- Money Laundering: Making illegally gained money appear legitimate.
- Extortion: Obtaining money or property through coercion, threats, or violence.