Defining America: Concepts and Perspectives

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Questions and Answers

What did the term 'America' generally refer to before the nineteenth century?

  • The entirety of the New World. (correct)
  • The collective colonies owned by Great Britain.
  • Only the landmass that would become the United States.
  • Specifically locations that were not associated with European powers.

In the context of the passage, which of these ideas is NOT associated with the American hemisphere?

  • Novelty.
  • Established traditions. (correct)
  • Utopian promise.
  • New beginnings.

Why did Europeans often view the New World through a biased lens?

  • Because of their established associations of the natural world with the feminine. (correct)
  • Because of its lack of natural resources compared to Europe.
  • Because of its resistance to European ideals.
  • Because it lacked established political systems

Who described himself as an 'American' well before the term had a national significance?

<p>An author of a historical chronicle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the relationship between the wealth of the American colonies, and modernization?

<p>The wealth of the colonies was an absolutely vital component to modernization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago?

<p>To draw international attention to the modern and progressive aspects of the nation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the figure of Columbia?

<p>She was a popular figure for a time period, representing the nation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT mentioned as an element that the ideas of 'America' are projected onto?

<p>The name of the nation's people. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text convey about the shift in how scholars approach defining 'America'?

<p>They increasingly analyze how mythic definitions emerge, influenced by specific historical conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the figure of Columbia is mentioned in the text?

<p>Her voluptuous appearance, as seen on coins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the statement that there is no contemporary visual icon that corresponds allegorically to the name 'America'?

<p>The concept of 'America' has fragmented and lacks a singular representation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do scholars emphasize and discourage when searching for what is profoundly 'American'?

<p>Looking at the ideal of America, while ignoring the historical record. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the connection between 'America' and the concept of progress?

<p>The celebration of modernity and progress was closely tied to its identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Chevigny and Laguardia's argument regarding the name 'America'?

<p>To clarify the distinction between the United States and the broader Americas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the collection 'Reinventing the Americas' published?

<p>1986 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best encapsulates the authors' approach to the name 'America'?

<p>Its appropriation should be critically analyzed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary theme discussed in the preface of the essay collection?

<p>Critiquing U.S. cultural dominance in naming. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the authors of 'Reinventing the Americas'?

<p>Gale Chevigny and Gari Laguardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Americanization' primarily refer to in the context of immigration?

<p>The transformation of immigrants' customs to align with dominant culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes unity over diversity in American identity?

<p>Homogenization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the meanings of 'Americanism' and 'Americanization' evolve by the beginning of the nineteenth century?

<p>They began to signify cultural consolidation and unity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a focus of interdisciplinary work in American studies since the 1990s?

<p>Illustrating the construction of national identity through relations of difference. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did immigration play in the development of the term 'Americanization'?

<p>It coincided with a surge in the term's everyday use due to cultural changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has the usage of 'America' and its derivations generally aimed to achieve?

<p>Promote a unified national identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the connotation of 'Americanism' as it developed in the nineteenth century?

<p>It expanded to encompass evolving cultural identities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the concept of 'American identity' as inferred from the content?

<p>American identity does not change over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the areas referred to as contact zones?

<p>They produce hybrid cultural formations influencing mainstream culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hegemonic' imply in the context of U.S. influence in the Americas?

<p>A dominant and controlling power structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original name of the military training center for Latin Americans?

<p>U.S. Army School of the Americas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What attitude is suggested towards the term 'Americas' as used by the U.S.?

<p>It is a term that requires critical scrutiny and reevaluation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are U.S. understanding and engagement with Latin America characterized in the document?

<p>Often neglectful of the perspectives of Latin Americans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cultural formation is emphasized in the borderlands?

<p>The creation of hybrid cultures through interaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as implied in the content?

<p>To reinforce U.S. hegemony in the hemisphere. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge to U.S. cultural dominance is presented by hybrid formations?

<p>They incorporate perspectives from varied cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument made about the term 'American' in the provided text?

<p>The term 'American' has a complex history and is often used to promote a limited understanding of the Americas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did José Martí distinguish between 'Our America' and the United States?

<p>He saw 'Our America' as distinct from the United States due to its mixed-race origins and resistance to American influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key figure mentioned in the text who challenged the conventional understanding of 'America'?

<p>Alexis de Tocqueville (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed impact of using terms like 'United Statesian' as substitutes for 'American'?

<p>It would highlight the historical development of the United States and challenge the notion of a monolithic 'America'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that the use of 'Americas' and 'North America' as geographical terms is a sign of:

<p>A shift in political discourse towards a broader and more inclusive understanding of the Americas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's attitude towards the potential of challenging the established meaning of 'American'?

<p>Hopeful that it could lead to positive social and political change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 'Nuestra America' as described by José Martí?

<p>National unity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the text's statement that 'the pressure toward consensus and national unity became as pervasive as it is today'?

<p>It highlights the importance of challenging established narratives about national identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Early Meaning of "America"

The term "America" originally referred to the entire New World, encompassing North and South America, before being adopted by the United States in the 19th century.

European View of the Americas

Even though the American colonies were important to European economies, Europeans often viewed the Americas as a "virgin land" waiting to be conquered and controlled.

Gendering of Nature in the Americas

The concept of a "virgin land" in the Americas often connected the natural environment with femininity, suggesting a passive and inferior role for nature compared to human dominance.

American Wealth and Modernization

The wealth of the American colonies, largely due to natural resources, was crucial for the economic and political changes Europeans associated with modernization.

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Utopian Promise of the Americas

The idea of the Americas as a place for new beginnings and utopian potential influenced how Europeans imagined the possibilities of the New World.

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Divorcing names

The act of separating or detaching something from its connection to something else.

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America

A common name for the United States of America, often used to represent the entire continent of North America.

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U.S. appropriation of ‘America’

The attribution of a specific name or identity to a particular entity, often misrepresenting its true nature.

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Reinventing the Americas

The process of examining and reinterpreting existing concepts, ideas, or structures to create new understandings and perspectives.

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Dismantling the U.S. appropriation of ‘America’

Stripping away the misleading and false associations of a name to reveal its true meaning and context.

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Americanization

The process of adopting American customs, values, and culture.

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Americanism

A term used to describe the evolving linguistic differences between American English and British English in the 19th century.

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American national identity is constructed in and through relations of difference

The idea that "American" identity is built on the recognition and inclusion of different groups and perspectives.

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Consolidation, homogenization, and unification

A term used to describe the process of unifying and homogenizing various social and cultural groups under a common American identity.

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Transcending ethnic and racial differences

The concept that the idea of

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Turn of the twentieth century

The period of increased immigration in the early 20th century, which significantly influenced American society.

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Dynamic social processes

The evolving nature of language and culture in the United States, exemplified by the emergence of "Americanism" and "Americanization."

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American Studies

The study of American culture, history, and society, often focusing on the complexities of national identity.

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Comparative Americanist work

The practice of studying the Americas from a comparative perspective, considering both North and South America.

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Contact zones

Areas where different cultures interact and blend, often resulting in unique cultural expressions.

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Hybrid cultural formations

A cultural formation or expression that is a combination of different cultural influences.

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Inflecting mainstream U.S. culture

The process of altering or changing mainstream U.S. culture by incorporating elements of other American cultures, particularly those from Latin America.

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Imperial arrogation

The assumption that the United States has the right to define and dominate the entire Western Hemisphere.

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Hegemony in the hemisphere

The claim by the U.S. to represent the entire Western Hemisphere, often overlooking the diverse perspectives of other nations.

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Pluralized Americas studies

The act of acknowledging and valuing the diversity of cultures and perspectives within the Americas.

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Scrutiny of the term 'Americas'

A critical examination of the term 'Americas' to understand its historical and political implications, recognizing potential biases or inequalities.

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Columbia

A symbol of the United States, especially during the westward expansion, representing progress and modernity. Often depicted as female and associated with the name "Columbia."

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Columbian Ideal

A period in American history characterized by a strong emphasis on progress, growth, and the exploration of new frontiers. Often associated with the image of "Columbia."

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American Individualism

A philosophical and economic perspective that emphasizes individual freedom, self-reliance, and the pursuit of personal goals. Often seen as a key component of the American identity.

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American Exceptionalism

The idea that America has a unique and exceptional destiny, often characterized by progress, democracy, and freedom. This idea has been associated with the "Columbian Ideal."

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Historical Specificity

The act of analyzing and understanding the historical context and specific needs that gave rise to the development of an idea, concept, or movement.

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Future Orientation

The tendency to prioritize the future over the past and to see progress as a key aspect of American identity. It is often associated with the "Columbian Ideal."

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Divergence from Expectations

The act of carefully examining historical actions and policies, even when they contradict the idealized vision of the "Columbian Ideal."

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Single-Definition Problem

The act of defining the nation-state of "America" in a way that may seem restrictive or incomplete, potentially overlooking the complexity of its history and identity. This approach can be problematic.

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José Martí

A prominent figure who challenged traditional perspectives on America's identity by emphasizing the distinct characteristics and struggles of Latin America, particularly its mixed-race heritage.

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Nuestra America

Martí's concept of 'Our America' (Nuestra America) refers to Latin America, highlighting its mixed-race heritage and contrasting it with the United States' often dominant, racist, and profit-driven culture.

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Substitute

The act of using terms like 'U.S' or 'United Statesian' instead of 'American' intentionally highlights the historical context and complexity of the term 'American'.

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Americas vs. America

The use of the plural 'Americas' and the broader 'North America' are seen as potentially more inclusive and geographically accurate, acknowledging the diversity of the Western Hemisphere.

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Power of Words

The belief that certain words, like 'American', hold a power to shape society and political power, impacting social relationships and structures.

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Pressure towards Consensus

The pressure to achieve consensus and national unity that has become increasingly prevalent in the modern world, sometimes at the expense of recognizing diverse identities and perspectives.

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Consciousness Raising

The act of actively questioning and challenging the seemingly obvious or self-evident meanings of terms and concepts, particularly when analyzing historical and political contexts.

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Language as Agent of Change

The concept that changing how we use language and challenge the assumed meanings of words can lead to changes in social and political structures.

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Study Notes

America: A Complex Term

  • The definition of "America" is intricate and multifaceted, going beyond a simple geographical or national designation.
  • "America" is often used synonymously with the United States, but this usage is geographically inaccurate.
  • The term encompasses multiple connotations, including shared values, but also implies ambiguity about its geographical scope and deeper meanings.
  • Diverse perspectives on the definition of "America" exist, encompassing everything from everyday understandings to scholarly analyses of culture and history.

Defining America

  • Many factors influence how "America" is defined, including consumer products, advertising, and cultural representations.
  • "America" is often perceived in terms of abstract ideas like freedom, liberty, and democracy.
  • Understanding who gets to define "America" and which institutions enforce or undermine specific definitions is crucial.
  • The imprecise nature of the term "America" and related terms like "American" can reinforce certain ways of thinking while suppressing others.

Historical Context and Interpretations

  • Different historical figures and groups have offered varying perspectives on defining "America", such as Walt Whitman and José Martí.
  • The term "America" is often associated with notions of novelty, new beginnings, and utopian ideals.
  • Interpretations of "America" were influenced by colonialism, westward expansion, and indigenous cultures.
  • Early discussions on America focused on different ideas of nationhood and its association to culture and identity, like the possibility of indigenous origin or the exceptionalism of the US.

Debates on American Identity

  • The concept of a "virgin land" played a significant role in early understandings of America.
  • There were varying perspectives on whether indigenous peoples had a history and how this impacted perceptions of America.
  • The development and meaning of the term "America/Americas" have been a source of long-standing debate.
  • Debates on American identity touched on issues of race, ethnicity, and culture as integral aspects of what constitutes "America".

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