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Questions and Answers
What is the role of plasma cells in the immune response?
What is the role of plasma cells in the immune response?
Which type of immunoglobulin is considered the main antibody in the secondary immune response?
Which type of immunoglobulin is considered the main antibody in the secondary immune response?
How does the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) differentiate between types of immune responses?
How does the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) differentiate between types of immune responses?
What best describes passive immunity in the context of snake antivenoms?
What best describes passive immunity in the context of snake antivenoms?
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What is a novel pathogen?
What is a novel pathogen?
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Which statement about zoonoses is correct?
Which statement about zoonoses is correct?
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What defines an epidemic?
What defines an epidemic?
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What is the reproductive rate of a pathogen referred to as?
What is the reproductive rate of a pathogen referred to as?
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What is the primary function of the FAB receptor on antibodies?
What is the primary function of the FAB receptor on antibodies?
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Which of the following statements about asexual reproduction is accurate?
Which of the following statements about asexual reproduction is accurate?
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What is the primary function of the thalamus?
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for the production and regulation of hormones?
Which part of the brain is responsible for the production and regulation of hormones?
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Which structure serves as the main communication pathway between the right and left cerebral cortices?
Which structure serves as the main communication pathway between the right and left cerebral cortices?
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What role does the hippocampus play in memory?
What role does the hippocampus play in memory?
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Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily associated with processing visual information?
Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily associated with processing visual information?
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What generates cerebrospinal fluid from blood?
What generates cerebrospinal fluid from blood?
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Which component of the limbic system is responsible for emotional memories?
Which component of the limbic system is responsible for emotional memories?
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What is the main adaptation of C4 plants that allows them to thrive in hot and dry areas?
What is the main adaptation of C4 plants that allows them to thrive in hot and dry areas?
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How is short term memory accessed?
How is short term memory accessed?
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During which time do CAM plants primarily accumulate C4 acids?
During which time do CAM plants primarily accumulate C4 acids?
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What is the process that cellular respiration reverses?
What is the process that cellular respiration reverses?
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Which stage of respiration produces the most NADH molecules per glucose molecule?
Which stage of respiration produces the most NADH molecules per glucose molecule?
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What is a characteristic feature of fermentation compared to mitochondrial respiration?
What is a characteristic feature of fermentation compared to mitochondrial respiration?
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What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
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How do water-soluble hormones primarily interact with target cells?
How do water-soluble hormones primarily interact with target cells?
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What type of feedback involves a hormone amplifying both the stimulus and the response?
What type of feedback involves a hormone amplifying both the stimulus and the response?
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Which of the following is characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones?
Which of the following is characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones?
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Which glands are classified as exocrine glands?
Which glands are classified as exocrine glands?
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What role does the anterior pituitary play in hormone regulation?
What role does the anterior pituitary play in hormone regulation?
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What physiological response occurs due to negative feedback in hormone regulation?
What physiological response occurs due to negative feedback in hormone regulation?
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Which type of hormone can initiate multiple effects in different target tissues?
Which type of hormone can initiate multiple effects in different target tissues?
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Which structure functions as the primary excretory organ in vertebrates?
Which structure functions as the primary excretory organ in vertebrates?
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What allows for the non-selective filtration process in the human kidney?
What allows for the non-selective filtration process in the human kidney?
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In the nephron, which segment is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water?
In the nephron, which segment is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water?
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Which component of the kidney's nephron plays a key role in regulating potassium and sodium levels?
Which component of the kidney's nephron plays a key role in regulating potassium and sodium levels?
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What is the main function of vasa recta in the kidney?
What is the main function of vasa recta in the kidney?
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Which of the following processes primarily occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron?
Which of the following processes primarily occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron?
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What is a key function of malpighian tubules in terrestrial arthropods?
What is a key function of malpighian tubules in terrestrial arthropods?
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Which environment is characterized by mammals having longer loops of Henle?
Which environment is characterized by mammals having longer loops of Henle?
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What type of waste do birds primarily excrete?
What type of waste do birds primarily excrete?
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What drives the reabsorption of water in the descending loop of Henle?
What drives the reabsorption of water in the descending loop of Henle?
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What is totipotent in the context of plant cells?
What is totipotent in the context of plant cells?
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Which type of tissue is responsible for transporting water in plants?
Which type of tissue is responsible for transporting water in plants?
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What characterizes a fibrous root system?
What characterizes a fibrous root system?
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What structure in the leaf is primarily involved in gas exchange?
What structure in the leaf is primarily involved in gas exchange?
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Which of the following best describes secondary growth in plants?
Which of the following best describes secondary growth in plants?
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What is the main function of leaves in plants?
What is the main function of leaves in plants?
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Which type of plant cell is described as living and flexible in young tissues?
Which type of plant cell is described as living and flexible in young tissues?
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What role do mycorrhiza play in plant health?
What role do mycorrhiza play in plant health?
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What is apical dominance in plants?
What is apical dominance in plants?
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Which type of growth stops when the organism reaches a specific size?
Which type of growth stops when the organism reaches a specific size?
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What is the primary function of vascular cambium?
What is the primary function of vascular cambium?
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What defines a tap root system?
What defines a tap root system?
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Which part of the stem has the capability to sprout lateral shoots?
Which part of the stem has the capability to sprout lateral shoots?
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What is the role of parenchyma tissue?
What is the role of parenchyma tissue?
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Study Notes
Defensive Strategies
- Organisms defend themselves to survive and reproduce
- Gaboon Viper: uses sit-and-wait strategy (camouflage, ambush)
- Parasites live on/in other organisms. Some replicate very quickly
- Basic defenses: bacteria have CRISPR-Cas9 (cuts viral nucleic acid)
- Animals use structural defenses (spines, thorns), foul smell, or foul/oily projectiles
- Plants have constitutive (always present) and inductive (activated by attack) defenses
- Some compounds negatively impact insect herbivores
- Poisons can be produced/sequestered by animals
- Venom is often introduced by a bite or sting, resulting in fatality
- Snake venom is primarily used for attack
Defensive Strategies-Immune System
- Organisms recognize invaders and mount a reaction
- Mostly microbes (viruses, bacteria, and worms) also protozoa and worms
- Some bacteria replicate inside cells, others in extracellular spaces
- Skin provides a very tight barrier between cells
- Inflammatory Response: increases blood supply, permeability, and leukocyte migration. Triggered by pathogens.
- Innate Immunity: poised and ready for rapid response; non-specific and has no memory
- Myeloid cells originate in bone marrow
- Soluble factors include proteins and peptides, and complements
- Opsonization (coating) is a macromolecule that enhances phagocytosis
- Phagocytosis: a cellular process where a cell engulfs and destroys substances
Adaptive Immune Response
- Highly specific and has memory
- Potency increases with repeated exposure to pathogens
- T-cells mature in thymus; help other immune cells by sending signals to activate them against specific pathogens.
- Cytotoxic cells kill infected cells
- B-cells mature in bone marrow and produce humoral response (producing antibodies)
- Made up of plasma cells (produce antibodies) and memory cells
- Antibody Types: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE (differ in function and response)
- Antivenoms are antibodies to specific venom
- Passive Immunity: injection of antibodies to neutralize venom
Reproduction
- Endemic: Constant presence of a disease within a geographical area.
- Hyperendemic: Disease with high prevalence in particular age groups in a particular area
- Reproduction: asexual (one parent) or sexual (two parents)
- Many forms in invertebrates
- Modes of reproduction include budding and fragmentation
- Vertebrate and invertebrate animals often exhibit complex reproductive patterns
Osmoregulation and Excretion
- Organisms maintain proper solute concentration to balance gain and loss of water.
- Isoosmotic: water flows equally in both directions
- Hypoosmotic: less solute
- Hyperosmotic: more solute
- Osmoconformers match their surroundings; and osmoregulators maintain balance with their surroundings
- Kidney functions in excretion of nitrogenous wastes in terrestrial animals.
Nervous System
- The nervous system is the command and control center (sensory input, integration, motor output)
- Neurons send messages. Signals are sent as changes in membrane potential
- Resting potential refers to the state when a neuron is not sending signals
- Resting potential: membrane potential of a neuron when not sending signals maintained by ion pumps and ion channels
- Action Potential: a rapid change in membrane potential that allows a nerve impulse to travel along an axon. It is generated when sodium channels open briefly.
- The nervous system includes the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the PNS (nerves, ganglia, etc.)
Endocrine System
- Animals respond to environmental changes, behavior, and physical cues via endocrine system
- Hormones produce and regulate chemicals types include polypeptide, amines, and steroids.
- Some hormones are made in specialized glands but some in the organs themselves.
- Feedback loops regulate their concentration
- Animals release hormones into intracellular space or blood vessel
- Hormones affect other organs to cause physiological responses
Digestion
- Fuel for all animal requirements and biosynthesis.
- stages: ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical or enzymatic digestion, absorption, elimination
- Extracellular digestion occurs in a specific compartment to avoid self-digestion
- Intracellular digestion is part of endocytosis
- Gastrovascular cavity seen in some simple animals
Respiration
- Cellular respiration transfers energy from food into ATP
- Exchange oxygen from atmosphere and expel Carbon dioxide as waste
- Respiratory organs vary. Some examples include body wall, gills, tracheae, and lungs.
Circulation
- Internal transport system needed to carry gases, nutrients, and waste
- Three components: transport system (blood), system of tubes (blood vessels), and a muscular pump (heart)
Plant Physiology
- Reproduction involves specific organs to produce new plants
- Growth and development relies on specific tissues
- Two main systems: vascular system transports substances. And phloem (sugars), xylem (water).
- Plant hormones, such as auxins and gibberellins regulate growth
- Plant hormones also coordinate responses to environment and different processes within plant.
Photosynthesis
- Autotrophs such as plants use light energy from sun to synthesize organic molecules from atmospheric CO2.
- Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy during light reaction
- The dark reaction involves incorporation of CO2 into sugars
- Dark and light reaction are closely related
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Description
Explore the various defensive strategies employed by organisms, including structural defenses, camouflage, and immunological responses. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the Gaboon Viper's ambush technique, CRISPR-Cas9 in bacteria, and the role of venom in predation. Test your understanding of how different species defend against threats and ensure survival.
