Deep Fascia and Subcutaneous Tissue Overview

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Questions and Answers

Where is the attachment point for the costo-clavicular ligament located on the scapula?

  • Inferior angle
  • Conoid tubercle
  • Acromion process
  • Oval plateau lateral to the articular surface (correct)

Which anatomical feature extends from the oval plateau towards the conoid tubercle on the scapula?

  • Infraspinous fossa
  • Groove for the subclavius muscle (correct)
  • Spine of scapula
  • Lateral border ridge

The acromion is best described as which of the following?

  • A curved plate of bone extending laterally from the scapular spine (correct)
  • A foramen transmitting nutrient vessels medially
  • A triangular projection on the anterior surface of the scapula
  • A depression on the costal surface for muscle attachment

The ridges on the costal surface of the scapula primarily serve what purpose?

<p>Provide attachment points for the subscapularis muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the scapula is described as being bare, separated from overlying muscle by a bursa, and perforated by vascular foramina?

<p>Lateral angle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which specific area of the scapula does the teres major muscle originate?

<p>Large oval area at the inferior angle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The infraspinatus muscle arises from which specific region of the scapula?

<p>Whole of the infraspinous fossa except the lateral angle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature can bisect the origin of the teres minor muscle on the scapula?

<p>Circumflex scapular vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The subcutaneous muscle present in the nipple is known as:

<p>Subareolar muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure is primarily responsible for the wrinkles associated with aging?

<p>Tension lines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the deep fascia interact with bone?

<p>It is firmly anchored to the periosteum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Incisions made along which lines result in minimal scarring?

<p>Skin creases and wrinkle lines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the deep fascia considered absent?

<p>Face (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is found in the dartos sheet of the scrotum?

<p>Unstriped muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is absent when a pin is thrust into a subcutaneous bone?

<p>Deep fascia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the skin to the underlying bones or deep fascia?

<p>A layer of areolar tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is encased within a synovial sheath and attached to the transverse ligament?

<p>Long tendon of biceps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature lies beneath the transverse humeral ligament?

<p>Long tendon of biceps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bony landmark is characterized by vascular perforations?

<p>Greater tuberosity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the tendon of teres major insert?

<p>Medial lip of bicipital groove (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure bridges the intertubercular groove?

<p>Transverse humeral ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the humeral shaft in cross-section?

<p>Triangular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle attaches to the area of smooth bone on the lesser tuberosity?

<p>Subscapularis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure spirals down below the deltoid tuberosity?

<p>Radial groove (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of synovial sheaths in tendons?

<p>To facilitate smooth movement and lubrication where tendons are under pressure or change direction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do blood vessels typically supply tendons enclosed in synovial sheaths?

<p>They enter the tendon before the sheath forms, primarily through a longitudinal anastomosis, aided by folds like the mesotendon that allow their entry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fasciae lying over non-expansile structures, such as the pelvic wall muscles, are generally described as:

<p>Well-defined and easily sutured (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do synovial sheaths accommodate blood vessel entry to the enclosed tendon?

<p>The tendon is not fully enclosed cylindrically, allowing vessels to enter at the opening (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue forms the fasciae over expansile parts like the cheek or pharynx?

<p>Loose areolar tissue similar to epimysium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mesotendon, mentioned in relation to blood supply, can be compared structurally to which of the following?

<p>A small mesentery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the visceral layer of the synovial sheath and the tendon?

<p>The visceral layer is firmly attached to the tendon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the synovial fluid within the tendon sheath?

<p>To act as a lubricant between the layers of the sheath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The radial nerve's location in relation to the surgical approach on the radius is of particular concern. Where should the incision be made to avoid this nerve?

<p>Anterolaterally and obliquely towards the middle of the shaft (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical relationship between the supinator muscle and the posterior interosseous nerve?

<p>The nerve is sandwiched between the two layers of the supinator muscle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the radial collateral ligament of the elbow attach?

<p>Distal border of the epicondyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which part of the supracondylar ridge does the extensor carpi radialis longus originate?

<p>The lower one-third of the ridge, merging with supinator distally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the spherical hollow on the upper surface of the radius?

<p>To fit the capitulum of the humerus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure clasps the head and neck of the radius?

<p>Annular ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is Anconeus positioned relative to other structures of the elbow?

<p>In a shallow pit behind the supinator muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery and nerve are important considerations during a surgical approach to the radius?

<p>Brachial artery and median nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is described as being 2 cm long and situated at the apex of two lines?

<p>A longitudinal ridge or pit for the tendon of pronator teres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the described longitudinal ridge or pit located in relation to the radius?

<p>At the point of greatest convexity of the radius, just behind the lateral profile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which view is the longitudinal ridge or pit most visible?

<p>Posterior view (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure located below the tuberosity of the radius?

<p>A ridge for the interosseous membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle's tendon inserts into the described longitudinal ridge or pit?

<p>Pronator teres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the raised area on the radius where the biceps brachii inserts?

<p>Tuberosity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is associated with the supinator crest?

<p>Supinator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone does the anconeus muscle attach to, based on proximity in the diagram?

<p>Ulna (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Deep Fascia

A fibrous tissue membrane that wraps limbs and body wall, anchored to periosteum.

Skin Creases

Lines in the skin that run parallel to tension lines, often near joints.

Tension Lines

Cleavage lines in the skin that indicate the direction of collagen fibers.

Incisions and Healing

Incisions along skin creases heal with minimal scarring compared to others.

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Platysma

A muscle in the face and neck formed from a well-developed sheet.

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Corrugator Cutis Ani

A muscle involved in skin wrinkling around the anus.

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Subcutaneous Tissue

Areolar tissue that connects skin to underlying structures like deep fascia.

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Iliotibial Tract

A thickened portion of fascia lata outside the thigh, well developed.

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Synovial sheath

A structure that lubricates tendons where they pass over adjacent tissues or pulleys.

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Parietal layer

The outer layer of the synovial sheath attached to surrounding structures.

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Visceral layer

The inner layer of the synovial sheath that is firmly attached to the tendon.

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Synovial fluid

A lubricant secreted by the synovial sheath lining cells to reduce friction.

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Mesotendon

A synovial fold formed by blood vessels within the tendon sheath.

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Vinculum

A structure that connects blood vessels to tendons within the synovial sheath.

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Longitudinal anastomosis

A connection between vessels that supports blood supply in tendons.

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Epimysium

A connective tissue that surrounds muscle fibers, allowing blood vessel access.

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Synovial Membrane

A tissue that lines the capsule of a joint and is involved in lubrication.

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Bicipital Groove

A groove on the humerus where the biceps tendon sits.

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Greater Tuberosity

A large, bony prominence on the humerus for muscle attachment.

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Transverse Humeral Ligament

A ligament that bridges the bicipital groove and holds the biceps tendon in place.

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Intertubercular Groove

A groove in the humerus that separates the greater and lesser tuberosities.

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Lesser Tuberosity

A smaller bony prominence on the humerus for muscle attachment.

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Biceps Tendon

The tendon of the biceps muscle, running through the bicipital groove.

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Deltoid Tuberosity

A bony prominence on the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches.

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Glenoid Cavity

A shallow cavity in the scapula for the shoulder joint.

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Coracoid Process

A rugged projection on the scapula for muscle attachment.

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Acromion

A curved plate of bone extending over the shoulder joint.

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Subclavius Muscle

A muscle attached to the concave surface of the scapula.

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Subscapularis Bursa

A fluid-filled sac reducing friction between muscles and bones.

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Infraspinous Fossa

A concave area on the scapula for muscle attachment.

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Teres Major

A muscle arising from the inferior angle of the scapula.

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Teres Minor

A muscle located dorsal to the ridge on the scapula.

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Longitudinal Ridge

A 2 cm ridge on the radius for the tendon of pronator teres.

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Supinator Tuberosity

A bump on the radius, located behind the supinated profile.

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Interosseous Membrane

A fibrous tissue connecting the radius and ulna along their length.

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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

A muscle that flexes the fingers, located in the forearm.

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Biceps Brachii

A muscle located in the upper arm that helps flex the elbow.

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Olecranon

The bony structure of the elbow, forming the point of the elbow.

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Anconeus

A small muscle at the elbow that assists in extension.

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Supinator Crest

A bony crest on the radius that serves as an attachment site for the supinator muscle.

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Radial Collateral Ligament

Ligament attached to the lateral side of the elbow, stabilizing joint movement.

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Supinator Muscle

Muscle that helps to supinate (rotate) the forearm.

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Articular Margin

The area where bones meet at the joint, attached by synovial membrane.

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Surgical Approach to Elbow

Techniques for exposing the humerus shaft through specific incisions.

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Annular Ligament

A ligament that encircles the head of the radius and stabilizes it.

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Radial Notch of Ulna

A notch on the ulna that articulates with the head of the radius.

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Brachialis Muscle

A muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint.

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Study Notes

Deep Fascia

  • Deep fascia is a membrane of fibrous tissue wrapping limbs and body walls.
  • Thickness varies greatly. Examples include the thick iliotibial tract and thin rectus sheath.
  • Absent in some areas like face and ischioanal fossa.
  • Always firmly anchored to periosteum, never free over bone.

Subcutaneous Tissue

  • Connects skin to underlying bones or deep fascia.
  • Composed of areolar tissue with varying characteristics across species.
  • Important for anchoring and separating structures and tissues.

Synovial Sheaths

  • Surround tendons subjected to heavy stress with adjacent structures or direction changes
  • Contains two layers: parietal (attached to surrounding structures) and visceral (attached to tendon). These glide past each other lubricated by synovial fluid.
  • Doesn't always completely enclose the tendon cylindrically.
  • Allows blood vessels for longitudinal anastomosis to enter

Skin Tension Lines

  • Skin creases near joints run parallel to tension lines.
  • Wrinkles from age/aging do not perfectly match cleavage lines.
  • Incisions along natural lines heal with less scarring.
  • Avoid cutting across flexure creases.

Upper Limb Anatomy Details (partial summary)

  • Scapula has costal surface (concave), and multiple ridges converging to the lateral angle.
  • Acromion projects from scapula's dorsal surface.
  • Infraspinous fossa is concave, with a subscapularis muscle originating from its concavity and lateral border.
  • Teres minor originates from a dorsal area on the lateral border, with a groove for circumflex scapular vessels.
  • Thick fascia covers infraspinatus and teres minor.
  • Tendon of biceps brachii enclosed by synovial membrane.
  • Bicipital groove on the anterior surface of the upper humerus.
  • Greater tuberosity (bare bone) is palpable.
  • An intertubercular groove on anterior surface.
  • The radius has a tuberosity for supinator, a longitudinal ridge for pronator terer, and a ridge for the interosseous membrane.
  • Synovial membrane lines the elbow joint capsule.
  • The narrow humeral neck is surrounded by annular ligament.

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