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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of a valid deductive argument?
What is the primary characteristic of a valid deductive argument?
- The conclusion is based on a generalization.
- The conclusion is probable.
- The conclusion follows logically from the premises. (correct)
- The premises are true.
What is the main difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?
What is the main difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?
- The number of premises required.
- The type of premises used.
- The direction of the argument.
- The level of certainty in the conclusion. (correct)
What is the purpose of inductive reasoning?
What is the purpose of inductive reasoning?
- To identify the premises of an argument.
- To determine the validity of an argument.
- To establish a logical truth.
- To make a probabilistic inference or prediction. (correct)
What is the characteristic of a sound deductive argument?
What is the characteristic of a sound deductive argument?
Which type of reasoning is used to make a generalization about a population?
Which type of reasoning is used to make a generalization about a population?
What is the characteristic of a deductive argument that guarantees the conclusion?
What is the characteristic of a deductive argument that guarantees the conclusion?
Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?
Which of the following is an example of inductive reasoning?
What is the primary difference between inductive and deductive reasoning in terms of direction?
What is the primary difference between inductive and deductive reasoning in terms of direction?
What is the characteristic of inductive reasoning that makes the conclusion subject to revision or refutation?
What is the characteristic of inductive reasoning that makes the conclusion subject to revision or refutation?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of deductive reasoning?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of deductive reasoning?
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Study Notes
Deduction and Induction
Deduction
- A logical process where a conclusion is drawn from one or more premises
- Involves applying rules of inference to arrive at a conclusion
- The conclusion is guaranteed to be true if the premises are true
- Example: All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Key characteristics of deduction
- Validity: The conclusion follows logically from the premises
- Soundness: The conclusion is true and the premises are true
- Necessity: The conclusion must be true if the premises are true
Induction
- A process of making a generalization based on specific observations
- Involves making a probabilistic inference about a population or phenomenon
- The conclusion is not guaranteed to be true, but is likely or probable
- Example: The sun has risen every morning for the past 100 days. Therefore, it is likely that the sun will rise tomorrow.
Key characteristics of induction
- Probability: The conclusion is probable, but not certain
- Generalization: A conclusion is drawn about a larger population or phenomenon based on a limited sample
- Uncertainty: The conclusion is not guaranteed to be true, and may be subject to revision or refutation
Key differences between deduction and induction
- Certainty: Deduction provides a guaranteed conclusion, while induction provides a probable conclusion
- Direction: Deduction moves from general to specific, while induction moves from specific to general
- Purpose: Deduction is used to establish a logical truth, while induction is used to make a probabilistic inference or prediction
Deduction and Induction
Deduction
- A logical process that draws a conclusion from one or more premises
- Involves applying rules of inference to arrive at a guaranteed true conclusion if the premises are true
- Example: All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
- Key characteristics of deduction
- Validity: The conclusion follows logically from the premises
- Soundness: The conclusion is true and the premises are true
- Necessity: The conclusion must be true if the premises are true
Induction
- A process of making a generalization based on specific observations
- Involves making a probabilistic inference about a population or phenomenon
- The conclusion is not guaranteed to be true, but is likely or probable
- Example: The sun has risen every morning for the past 100 days. Therefore, it is likely that the sun will rise tomorrow.
- Key characteristics of induction
- Probability: The conclusion is probable, but not certain
- Generalization: A conclusion is drawn about a larger population or phenomenon based on a limited sample
- Uncertainty: The conclusion is not guaranteed to be true and may be subject to revision or refutation
Key differences between deduction and induction
- Certainty: Deduction provides a guaranteed conclusion, while induction provides a probable conclusion
- Direction: Deduction moves from general to specific, while induction moves from specific to general
- Purpose: Deduction is used to establish a logical truth, while induction is used to make a probabilistic inference or prediction
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