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Questions and Answers
What is the concept of expected value in the context of decision making, and how is it used by risk-neutral individuals?
What is the concept of expected value in the context of decision making, and how is it used by risk-neutral individuals?
Expected value is a concept borrowed from statistics, representing the average amount one would earn by playing a lottery many times. It is used as a benchmark for deciding when to play a lottery instead of choosing a safe option, and it is based on the object itself, not the person choosing. Risk-neutral individuals use expected value to make decisions based solely on calculation.
What does the certainty equivalent (w) represent in the context of decision making under uncertainty, and how does it relate to risk preferences?
What does the certainty equivalent (w) represent in the context of decision making under uncertainty, and how does it relate to risk preferences?
The certainty equivalent (w) represents the maximum willingness to pay for a lottery, and it is used to determine an individual's risk preference. If w < EV, the individual is risk-averse; if w = EV, they are risk-neutral; and if w > EV, they are risk-seeking.
What is the risk premium, and how does it relate to an individual's risk aversion?
What is the risk premium, and how does it relate to an individual's risk aversion?
The risk premium is the difference between the expected value (EV) and the certainty equivalent (w), and it is a quantitative expression of an individual's risk aversion. It represents how much an individual would need to be paid to choose a risky option over a safe one.
What is the purpose of insurance in the context of decision making under uncertainty, and who is more likely to purchase it?
What is the purpose of insurance in the context of decision making under uncertainty, and who is more likely to purchase it?
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What is diversification, and how does it reduce risk exposure?
What is diversification, and how does it reduce risk exposure?
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What is the effect of diversification on the possible outcomes of an event?
What is the effect of diversification on the possible outcomes of an event?
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How does pooling protect a community from risk?
How does pooling protect a community from risk?
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What is an example of aggregate risk?
What is an example of aggregate risk?
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Why is diversifiable risk essentially irrelevant in the valuation of securities?
Why is diversifiable risk essentially irrelevant in the valuation of securities?
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What is the difference between systematic risk and diversifiable risk?
What is the difference between systematic risk and diversifiable risk?
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Study Notes
Uncertainty and Decision Making
- Expected value (EV) represents the average amount earned by playing a lottery many times, used as a benchmark for deciding between a lottery and a safe option.
- EV has nothing to do with personal preferences, but rather the object itself.
- People can be risk-neutral, risk-averse, or risk-seeking, with different preferences influencing their decision-making.
Risk and Preferences
- Certainty equivalent (w) represents the maximum willingness to pay for a lottery.
- If w < EV, the person is risk-averse.
- If w = EV, the person is risk-neutral.
- If w > EV, the person is risk-seeking.
- Risk premium is the difference between EV and w, quantifying a person's risk aversion.
Managing Risk
- Insurance: paying a third entity to take on some risk, usually expensive and only beneficial for highly risk-averse individuals.
- Diversification: "splitting the risk" by investing in multiple independent and identically distributed events, reducing risk and variance.
- Pooling: combining earnings with others to protect the community from risk, similar to social insurance.
Types of Risk
- Aggregate risk: affects everyone at the same time, such as unemployment, and cannot be diversified or insured.
- Idiosyncratic risk: specific to an individual or firm, such as a successful drug trial, and can be diversified.
- Systemic risk: threatens the entire financial system, such as a global economic crisis.
Assessing Risk
- Diversifiable risk is essentially irrelevant in valuing securities, as investors can eliminate it by constructing diverse portfolios.
- Systematic risk, affecting large classes of securities, cannot be diversified and is a significant concern.
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Description
Learn about the concept of expected value, borrowed from statistics, and its application in decision making. Understand how it's used to decide between taking a risk or playing it safe.