Decision-Making and Mindsets Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the tools we cling to in decision-making?

assumptions, instincts, habits

What did Mike Lazaridis invent?

the Blackberry, which revolutionized the smartphone market

Rethinking is both a ____ and a _____.

skill set and mindset

When it comes to our own knowledge and opinions, we often favor feeling right over being right.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the mindsets of three professionals that we slip into when we talk?

<p>the preacher, prosecutor, and politician</p> Signup and view all the answers

We use preacher mindset when?

<p>our sacred beliefs are in jeopardy, we deliver sermons to protect and promote our ideals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mindset recognizes flaws in others' reasoning?

<p>prosecutor mindset</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we desire to do in politician mode?

<p>we seek to win an audience; campaign/lobby for approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is scientist mode?

<p>searching for the truth; run experiments to test hypotheses and discover knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

With the group of entrepreneurs in Milan, what was the average revenue amount for the scientific thinkers?

<p>$12,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ways do you think even if they're not your job?

<p>preacher, politician, prosecutor, and scientist</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mental horsepower doesn't guarantee mental dexterity.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmation bias?

<p>seeing what we expect to see</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is desirability bias?

<p>seeing what we want to see</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biases contort our intelligence into a weapon against the truth.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Being good at thinking can make you worse at ______.

<p>rethinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive flexibility?

<p>the willingness to move from one extreme to the other as the occasion requires</p> Signup and view all the answers

What traits set great presidents apart?

<p>intellectual curiosity and openness; NOT ambition, forcefulness, or attractiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 steps of the rethinking cycle?

<p>humility, doubt, curiosity, and discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 steps of the overconfident cycle?

<p>pride, conviction, confirmation &amp; desirability bias, and validation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the armchair quarterback syndrome?

<p>confidence exceeds competence, named for football fans who are convinced they know more than coaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opposite of armchair quarterback syndrome?

<p>imposter syndrome where competence exceeds confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Dunning-Kruger Effect?

<p>People who are least skilled at a task, suffer from the most overconfidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What syndrome did Halla Tomasdottir, the Icelandic presidential candidate, struggle with?

<p>imposter syndrome after online petitions encouraged her to run</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is feigned knowledge?

<p>people pretend to know things they don't</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the totalitarian ego?

<p>to keep out threatening information, protect our self-image, a bodyguard for our mind, it is the miniature dictator in our head</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the amygdala?

<p>the primitive lizard brain that activates the fight or flight response for the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner dictator activates the...

<p>overconfidence cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two types of useful detachment?

<p>1- detaching present from past, 2- detaching opinions from identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who you are should be a question of _____, not what you _________.

<p>value, believe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when someone defines themselves by values rather than opinions?

<p>they buy themselves the flexibility to update their practices in light of new evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the single biggest driver of forecasters' success?

<p>how often they updated their beliefs; typical competitors - 2 times per question, superforecasters - more than 4 times per question</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bias did Jean Pierre Beugoms, the forecaster, fall victim to?

<p>desirability bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can curb overconfidence?

<p>identifying a single reason why we might be wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

If we're comfortable with being wrong, we are not afraid to do what?

<p>poke fun at ourselves; if we're insecure, we make fun of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the great scientists and super forecasters paradox?

<p>The reason they are so comfortable being wrong is that they are terrified of being wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was British physicist Andrew Lyne incorrect about?

<p>he published a discovery of a new planet, he admitted his failure publicly at an astronomy conference</p> Signup and view all the answers

Will Smith said, 'Taking responsibility is taking your _______ back.'

<p>power</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who coined the mindset model - preacher, politician, and prosecutor?

<p>Phil Tetlock</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who led the unethical Harvard study?

<p>Henry Murray</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was lawful in the Harvard study and claimed they were emotionally damaged by it?

<p>Ted Kaczynski</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is task conflict?

<p>clashes about ideas and opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is relationship conflict?

<p>personal, emotional clashes that are filled not just with friction but also with animosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes low performing groups?

<p>high relationship conflict early on that dominated the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes high performing groups?

<p>maintained low relationship conflict, high task conflict early on to surface competing perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways is task conflict beneficial?

<p>increased creativity and smarter choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

The absence of conflict is not harmony, it's __________.

<p>apathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disagreeable people tend to be more...

<p>critical, skeptical, and challenging; they are energized by conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge network?

<p>a group of people we trust to point out our blind spots and help us overcome our weaknesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

We learn more from people who challenge our thought process than those who...

<p>affirm our conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

A good debate is not a war or a tug-of-war. It is more like what?

<p>a dance that hasn't been choreographed, negotiated with a partner who has a different set of steps in mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did expert negotiators do in planning?

<p>mapped out a series of 'dance steps' they might be able to take with the other side, devoting more than a third of their planning comments to finding common ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is it better to have more or less reasons to support your side, according to Neil Rackham, researcher?

<p>Expects actually presented fewer reasons to support their case. They did not want to water down their best points; as Rackham put it, 'A weak argument generally dilutes a strong one'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did average negotiators lose ground when offered many justifications?

<p>They lost ground not because of the strength of their most compelling point, but because of the weakness of their least compelling one</p> Signup and view all the answers

Convincing other people to think again isn't just about making a good argument; it is about what?

<p>establishing that we have the right motives in doing so; we are scientists trying to get to the truth</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Harish suggest to improve finding common ground with someone you are debating with?

<p>He suggested most people immediately start with a straw man, poking holes in the weakest version of the other side's case. Harish does the reverse: he considers the strongest version of the other side's case, which is known as the steel man</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key factors on when preaching and prosecuting can make us more persuasive?

<p>how much people care about the issue, how open they are to our particular argument, and how strong-willed they are in general</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most convincing source in a negotiation, over the quantity and quality of reasons?

<p>the most convincing source is often the one closest to your audience, often yourself</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a disagreement, what do we model when we point out that there are areas where we agree and acknowledge that they have some valid points?

<p>We model confident humility and encourage them to follow suit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Computer scientist, Paul Graham, created what?

<p>the hierarchy of disagreement where the highest form of argument is refuting the central point and the lowest is name-calling</p> Signup and view all the answers

When someone becomes hostile, if you respond by viewing the argument as a war, you can either attack or retreat. If you treat it as a dance, what is your other option?

<p>You can sidestep. Having a conversation about the conversation shifts attention away from the substance of the disagreement and toward the process for having a dialogue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Communicating with some uncertainty signals what three things?

<p>Confident humility invites curiosity, and leads to a more nuanced discussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does a rivalry exist?

<p>It exists whenever we reserve special animosity for a group we see as competing with us for resources or threatening our identities</p> Signup and view all the answers

When people hold prejudice towards a rival group, they are often willing to do what?

<p>They are willing to do whatever it takes to elevate their own group and undermine their rivals, even if it means doing harm or doing wrong</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is group polarization?

<p>We tend to interact with people who share our belief in stereotypes; polarization is reinforced by conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction is known as the overview effect?

<p>Upon return from space, astronauts are less focused on individual achievements and personal happiness, and more concerned about the collective good; the realization you share a common identity with all human beings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is our first instinct when we meet group members who defy a stereotype?

<p>Our first instinct isn't to see them as exemplars and rethink the stereotype. It's to see them as exceptions and cling to our existing beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shifted fans' views of their rivals?

<p>It was thinking about the arbitrariness of their animosity, not the positive qualities of their rival, that mattered; fans showed less hostility when they reflected on how silly the rivalry was</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is counterfactual thinking?

<p>It involves imagining how the circumstances of our lives could have unfolded differently</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do people gain humility related to stereotypes?

<p>People gain humility when they reflect on how different circumstances could have led them to different beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when many of our beliefs are widely shared, but rarely questioned, such as stereotypes?

<p>Cultural truisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motivational interviewing involves three key techniques.

<p>1 - asking open-ended questions, 2 - engaging in reflective listening, 3 - affirming the person's desire and ability to change</p> Signup and view all the answers

While asking questions can help with self-persuasion, motivational interviewing can do what?

<p>It can guide others to self-discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to help others open their minds?

<p>listening</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sustain talk is commentary about maintaining the status quo. Change talk is what?

<p>a desire, ability, need, or commitment to make adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Great listeners are more interested in?

<p>making their audiences feel smart; they help people approach their own views with more humility, doubt, and curiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The power of listening doesn't just lie in giving people the space to reflect on their views. It's also a display of what two things?

<p>respect and an expression of care</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Decision-Making Tools

  • Decision-making often relies on assumptions, instincts, and habits.

Mike Lazaridis

  • Invented the Blackberry, a landmark product that transformed the smartphone industry.

Rethinking Skills

  • Rethinking comprises both a skill set and a mindset.

Knowledge and Opinion Bias

  • People often prioritize feeling right over being correct, showcasing a bias in personal beliefs.

Communication Mindsets

  • Three prevalent mindsets in discussions are preacher, prosecutor, and politician.

Preacher Mindset

  • Engaged when sacred beliefs are threatened; often involves delivering strong, protective arguments.

Prosecutor Mindset

  • Focuses on identifying flaws in others' reasoning, aiming to expose weaknesses.

Politician Mindset

  • Aims to persuade an audience and gain approval, presenting arguments strategically.

Scientist Mode

  • Emphasizes truth-seeking through experimentation and hypothesis testing.

Entrepreneurial Revenue

  • Scientific thinkers in Milan averaged $12,000 in revenue.

Thought Processes

  • Engage in preacher, politician, prosecutor, and scientist modes regardless of job roles.

Mental Flexibility

  • Cognitive flexibility allows movement between extremes based on situational demands.

Presidential Traits

  • Intellectual curiosity and openness distinguish exceptional presidents; ambition or attractiveness are not as crucial.

Rethinking Cycle Steps

  • Includes humility, doubt, curiosity, and discovery.

Overconfidence Cycle Steps

  • Involves pride, conviction, confirmation bias, desirability bias, and validation.

Armchair Quarterback Syndrome

  • A phenomenon where confidence surpasses actual competence, akin to fans critiquing coaches.

Imposter Syndrome

  • Characterizes scenarios where competence is high but confidence is lacking.

Dunning-Kruger Effect

  • Individuals with limited skills often exhibit excessive confidence in their abilities.

Halla Tomasdottir

  • Icelandic presidential candidate who faced imposter syndrome after being encouraged to run.

Feigned Knowledge

  • Refers to the pretense of understanding topics one is not knowledgeable about.

Totalitarian Ego

  • Functions to filter out threatening information, safeguarding self-image.

Amygdala

  • The brain's primitive region responsible for fight-or-flight responses.

Inner Dictator

  • Activates the overconfidence cycle, contributing to poor decision-making.

Useful Detachment

  • Involves separating present from past and opinions from identity for clearer insight.

Values vs. Beliefs

  • Defining oneself by values rather than beliefs allows for adaptability and growth.

Forecasters' Beliefs

  • Successful forecasters frequently update their beliefs; superforecasters do so more than four times per question.

Desirability Bias Example

  • Forecaster Jean Pierre Beugoms exhibited desirability bias in predicting election outcomes.

Curbing Overconfidence

  • Identifying a reason for being wrong can significantly diminish overconfidence.

Comfort with Mistakes

  • Embracing the possibility of being wrong reduces defensiveness and fosters humor.

Scientist and Forecaster Paradox

  • The high comfort level with being wrong stems from a deep fear of errors.

Andrew Lyne

  • British physicist recognized for publicly admitting his error in planet discovery.

Responsibility Quote

  • Will Smith remarked that taking responsibility is akin to reclaiming one's power.

Phil Tetlock's Model

  • Introduced the mindset model featuring preacher, politician, and prosecutor roles.

Henry Murray

  • Led the ethically questionable Harvard study that emotionally impacted participants like Ted Kaczynski.

Types of Conflict

  • Task conflict: disagreements about ideas.
  • Relationship conflict: personal clashes filled with emotional tension.

Group Performance

  • High-performing groups thrive on low relational conflict but promote high task conflict for rich perspectives.

Task Conflict Benefits

  • Leads to enhanced creativity and wiser decision-making.

Absence of Conflict

  • Silence isn't harmony; it equates to apathy.

Characteristics of Disagreeable People

  • Tend to be critical, skeptical, and thrive on conflict.

Challenge Network

  • A trusted group that helps identify blind spots and supports personal growth.

Learning from Challenges

  • Engagement with differing opinions enhances cognitive flexibility and understanding.

Debate as a Dance

  • Healthy debates resemble unscripted dances, involving negotiation rather than hostility.

Negotiation Preparation

  • Expert negotiators emphasize finding common ground, dedicating considerable planning time to this goal.

Argument Quality

  • Fewer, stronger points in arguments often yield better outcomes than numerous weaker justifications.

Self-Persuasion

  • Motivational interviewing can guide individuals through self-discovery processes.

Effective Listening

  • Central to opening minds and fostering connection; great listeners empower audiences.

Sustain Talk vs. Change Talk

  • Sustain talk maintains the current state, while change talk reflects a desire to pursue adjustments.

Listener's Goal

  • Great listeners aim to elevate audience voices, nurturing humility, doubt, and curiosity.

Power of Listening

  • Listening not only enables reflection but also conveys respect and care.

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Description

Explore the nuances of decision-making tools and the different mindsets that influence our communication. This quiz covers concepts from biases in opinions to the styles of preacher, prosecutor, and politician. Test your understanding of these crucial skills and tools essential for effective decision-making.

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