Podcast
Questions and Answers
What distinguishes information from data?
What distinguishes information from data?
- Data is processed and analyzed, while information is raw and unanalyzed.
- Information is created from incomplete data, whereas data is always complete.
- Data is raw, unanalyzed facts, while information is processed and analyzed data. (correct)
- Information is a collection of raw facts, while data is meaningful content.
Which attribute of useful information ensures that it meets a manager’s specific needs?
Which attribute of useful information ensures that it meets a manager’s specific needs?
- Quality
- Completeness
- Relevance (correct)
- Timeliness
Which of the following best describes the concept of uncertainty in decision-making?
Which of the following best describes the concept of uncertainty in decision-making?
- It involves determining the probabilities of alternative outcomes.
- It indicates that managers lack complete information due to time constraints.
- It is when relationships between data points are ambiguous.
- It refers to situations where future outcomes are unknown and probabilities cannot be assessed. (correct)
In which stage of the decision-making process do managers evaluate the outcome of the decision?
In which stage of the decision-making process do managers evaluate the outcome of the decision?
As managers ascend the organizational hierarchy, they are likely to face which type of problems more frequently?
As managers ascend the organizational hierarchy, they are likely to face which type of problems more frequently?
What is the first step in the decision-making process?
What is the first step in the decision-making process?
Which factor can contribute to incomplete information available to managers?
Which factor can contribute to incomplete information available to managers?
When managers allocate weights to decision criteria, what are they essentially doing?
When managers allocate weights to decision criteria, what are they essentially doing?
Which condition allows managers to make decisions with complete confidence in the information available?
Which condition allows managers to make decisions with complete confidence in the information available?
What is a characteristic of nonprogrammed decisions?
What is a characteristic of nonprogrammed decisions?
Which bias involves a tendency to favor information that supports one's existing beliefs?
Which bias involves a tendency to favor information that supports one's existing beliefs?
What does the concept of bounded rationality imply in decision-making?
What does the concept of bounded rationality imply in decision-making?
What role does intuitive decision-making play in management?
What role does intuitive decision-making play in management?
Which of the following is a key feature of evidence-based decision-making?
Which of the following is a key feature of evidence-based decision-making?
What is the primary function of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems?
What is the primary function of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems?
Which of the following describes a policy in terms of programmed decisions?
Which of the following describes a policy in terms of programmed decisions?
How does the anchoring effect bias decision-making?
How does the anchoring effect bias decision-making?
What is a potential advantage of using brainstorming in decision-making processes?
What is a potential advantage of using brainstorming in decision-making processes?
In the context of decision-making, what does the term 'groupthink' refer to?
In the context of decision-making, what does the term 'groupthink' refer to?
What best describes the impact of information technology on business management?
What best describes the impact of information technology on business management?
What does the rational decision-making approach assume?
What does the rational decision-making approach assume?
Flashcards
Data
Data
Raw, unanalyzed facts, such as numbers, symbols, or text.
Information
Information
Processed and analyzed data that provides meaning and context.
Information Quality
Information Quality
The accuracy and reliability of information. High-quality information is trustworthy and dependable.
Information Timeliness
Information Timeliness
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Information Completeness
Information Completeness
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Information Relevance
Information Relevance
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Problem
Problem
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Decision Making
Decision Making
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Nonprogrammed decisions
Nonprogrammed decisions
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Programmed decisions
Programmed decisions
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Procedure
Procedure
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Rule
Rule
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Policy
Policy
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Certainty
Certainty
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Risk
Risk
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Uncertainty
Uncertainty
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Ambiguity
Ambiguity
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Overconfidence bias
Overconfidence bias
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Immediate gratification bias
Immediate gratification bias
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Anchoring effect
Anchoring effect
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Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias
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Hindsight bias
Hindsight bias
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Sunk costs error
Sunk costs error
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Study Notes
Data and Information
- Data: Raw, unanalyzed facts.
- Information: Processed and analyzed data.
- Useful information has quality, timeliness, completeness, and relevance.
Attributes of Useful Information
- Quality: Accurate and reliable information is high-quality information.
- Timeliness: Information needed readily available.
- Completeness: Includes all necessary information.
- Relevance: Meets manager's specific needs.
Incomplete Information
- Risk: Outcomes and probabilities are known.
- Uncertainty: Outcomes and probability are unknown.
- Ambiguity: Information can be interpreted in multiple ways.
- Time Constraints & Costs: Insufficient time/resources to evaluate all alternatives.
Decision Making Process
- Step 1: Identify the problem (existing vs. desired conditions).
- Step 2: Identify decision criteria.
- Step 3: Prioritize criteria (weighted if unequal importance).
- Step 4: Develop alternatives.
- Step 5: Analyze alternatives using criteria.
- Step 6: Select an alternative.
- Step 7: Implement the chosen alternative.
- Step 8: Evaluate decision effectiveness (problem solved?).
Types of Decisions
- Structured Problems: Straightforward, familiar, and easily defined.
- Unstructured Problems: New, unusual, requiring custom solutions.
- Programmed Decisions: Repeated, standardized procedures, rules, or policies.
- Procedure: Sequential steps for structured problems.
- Rule: Explicit statements for permitted/prohibited actions.
- Policy: Guidelines for decision-making.
- Nonprogrammed Decisions: Unique, nonrecurring, custom solutions for unstructured problems.
Conditions Affecting Decision Failure
- Certainty: Complete information available.
- Risk: Clear-cut goals, estimated probability of success/failure.
- Uncertainty: Known goals, incomplete information.
- Ambiguity: Unknown/unclear goals, undefined alternatives, and unavailable outcomes.
Decision-Making Biases and Errors
- Overconfidence Bias: Overestimating knowledge.
- Immediate Gratification Bias: Choosing immediate rewards.
- Anchoring Effect: Fixation on initial information.
- Confirmation Bias: Seeking confirming information.
- Hindsight Bias: False belief in predicating outcomes after they occur.
- Sunk Costs Error: Fixation on past expenditures.
- Self-Serving Bias: Taking credit for success, blaming others for failure.
Decision Making Approaches
- Rational Decision Making: Logical, consistent choices maximizing value.
- Rationality Assumptions: Objective, logical decision-makers with clear goals, alternatives, and consequences.
- Bounded Rationality: Rational, limited by info-processing capacity.
- Satisficing: Accept "good enough" solutions instead of maximizing.
- Intuitive Decision Making: Based on experience, feelings, judgments.
- Intuition: Quick apprehension based on practice and experience, not arbitrary.
Innovative Decision-Making Techniques
- Brainstorming: Face-to-face group to suggest diverse options.
- Evidence-Based Decision Making: Decisions based on best available evidence.
- Rigorous Debate: Constructive conflict improves decision quality.
- Avoid Groupthink: Avoid suppressing dissenting opinions.
Information Systems and Management
- Information Technology (IT): Methods for acquiring, organizing, manipulating, and transmitting information.
- Impact of IT on Business:
- Portable offices, remote access, better service, leaner organizations, enhanced collaboration, global exchange, improved management processes, and flexibility.
- Information System: Uses IT to convert data into information for decision-making.
- Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems: Compile customer data for monitoring contacts.
- Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems: Integrate organizational processes.
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Description
This quiz explores the distinction between data and information, focusing on the attributes that make information useful. It covers concepts such as quality, timeliness, completeness, relevance, and the decision-making process. Test your understanding of how these factors influence effective decision making.
