Decision Definition and Making
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Questions and Answers

What is the first element in the decision-making process according to Simon (1965)?

  • Design Activity
  • Choice Activity
  • Intelligence Activity (correct)
  • Data-driven Decision

In the context of decision-making, what does the 'Design Activity' involve?

  • Identifying alternative options and analyzing these alternatives. (correct)
  • Clarifying the situation that requires a decision.
  • Choosing a course of action among available alternatives.
  • Evaluating the outcomes of previous decisions.

Which of the following is part of making a data-driven decision?

  • Incorporating behavioral science insights. (correct)
  • Choosing an alternative based solely on intuition.
  • Evaluating past outcomes without current data.
  • Ignoring technological applications.

What is the purpose of decision analysis?

<p>To examine the process leading to selecting an alternative. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the decision-making example regarding food business expansion, what was one of the options identified during the Design Activity?

<p>Do nothing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies the Choice Activity in decision-making?

<p>Deciding on opening specific times only. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the difference between good decisions and good outcomes?

<p>Good decisions may not always lead to good outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Intelligence Activity' specifically require in the decision-making process?

<p>Defining and clarifying the decision-making situation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one major reason for ED's poor academic performance in the semester?

<p>Exceptional and distressing personal situation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach did ED take to improve their academic performance?

<p>Improved communication with professors and enhanced time management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific academic performance indicator reflects JJT’s struggles during Year 2?

<p>Sem 1 QPI of 0.33 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major concern regarding JJT’s future academic performance?

<p>Lack of a clear improvement plan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition was applied to ED during their probation?

<p>Finish the incomplete subject (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What support resource might benefit JJT according to the decisions made?

<p>Counseling or academic support resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is communication with professors emphasized for both ED and JJT?

<p>To improve academic outcomes and support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What restrictions were placed on both students during their probation?

<p>Involvement in athletic competitions and org-led events as core team members (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the rational decision-making process?

<p>Identifying a problem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a single objective decision?

<p>A decision that focuses entirely on maximizing or minimizing one objective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the maximax framework assume about decision making?

<p>It operates under optimistic conditions for best possible outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can decision makers counteract the decline in decision quality from frequent decisions?

<p>Take control of their thinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes multiple objective decisions?

<p>They often require balancing and prioritizing conflicting interests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the minimax framework suggest about decision outcomes?

<p>It assumes that losing is unavoidable and thus prepares for that (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are shortcuts in decision-making often problematic?

<p>They can lead to oversimplification and poor outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to make better decisions according to the described process?

<p>Work as a team to lessen limitations for decision-making (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the rational decision making process?

<p>Identify the problem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of establishing decision criteria?

<p>To define the desired outcomes based on values and preferences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is primarily used for generating a wide range of ideas in decision making?

<p>Brainstorming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Value Tree in decision-making?

<p>To ensure all attributes are independently measurable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Consequences' step in the OACTURI model focus on?

<p>Assessing the potential outcomes of each alternative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In weighing decision criteria, which aspect is most critical for ensuring a selection is sound?

<p>Completeness of criteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does the 'Risk' component of the OACTURI model evaluate?

<p>The willingness to accept uncertainty in outcomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Rational Decision Making process?

<p>Guess the outcome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Decision Fatigue?

<p>The declining quality of decisions after prolonged decision-making. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential solution to reduce Decision Fatigue?

<p>Creating routines and habits to limit decision-making. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Decision Paralysis primarily affect an individual?

<p>It decreases overall productivity due to overthinking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Bounded Rationality suggest about decision-making?

<p>Individuals often settle for 'good enough' decisions due to constraints. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Confirmation Bias?

<p>The inclination to favor evidence that supports existing beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy can help alleviate Decision Paralysis?

<p>Limit the number of choices presented in a situation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does mental fatigue have on decision-making?

<p>It decreases awareness of fatigue, impacting decision quality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the criteria of value tree in decision-making?

<p>It can assist in weighing the importance of different attributes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Decision Definition and Making

  • Decision: A conclusion reached after consideration, leading to a commitment for action based on crises, problems, or opportunities.
  • Decision-making: Process of selecting among alternatives, comprising three elements: intelligence activity, design activity, and choice activity.
  • Intelligence Activity: Define and clarify the situation necessitating a decision.
  • Design Activity: Identify and analyze alternative options.
  • Choice Activity: Select a course of action from available options.

Data-driven Decision

  • Involves multiple layers incorporating business tactics, mathematical formulas, technological applications, and behavioral science.
  • Focus on differentiating good decisions from good outcomes.

Decision Analysis

  • Examination of the process leading to selection of alternatives, considering individual circumstances and backgrounds.
  • First Case: ED: Poor grades linked to personal crisis; improvement plan laid out, indicating commitment to changes.
  • Second Case: JJT: Struggles due to personal issues with no clear improvement plan; university should consider structured support.

Rational Decision Making Process

  • Identify the Problem: Define and distinguish between current and preferred situations.
  • Establish Decision Criteria: Assess values and preferences, creating a value tree for measurable attributes.
  • Weigh Decision Criteria: Prioritize decision factors.
  • Generate Alternatives: Brainstorm and utilize techniques like SWOT analysis to develop potential solutions.
  • Evaluate and Select Best Alternative: Eliminate options to find the most viable solution.

OACTURI Model

  • Objectives: Desired outcomes of the decision.
  • Alternatives: Different courses of action available.
  • Consequences: Potential outcomes linked to alternatives versus objectives.
  • Tradeoffs: Balancing conflicting factors of selected alternatives.
  • Uncertainty: Assess impact of uncertain elements on outcomes.
  • Risk: Evaluate willingness to embrace risks, identifying those that can be minimized.
  • Information: Gather additional data for informed decision-making.

Decision Fatigue and Paralysis

  • Decision Fatigue: Deterioration in decision quality after extensive decision-making leads to mental fatigue.
  • Solution: Reduce decision load, prompt early decisions, and create routines.
  • Decision Paralysis: Overthinking leads to inaction, harming productivity.

Bounded Rationality

  • Individuals make decisions within limits of knowledge; settle for satisfactory rather than optimal solutions due to constraints.
  • Reliance on heuristics can lead to suboptimal outcomes.

Confirmation Bias

  • Tendency to favor evidence that confirms existing beliefs while disregarding contradicting information.
  • This bias can obstruct problem identification and solution development.

Strategies to Improve Decision-making

  • Control thinking processes and mitigate unconscious influences on decisions.
  • Collaborate in teams to gather comprehensive information.

Summary of Module 1

  • Decisions involve selecting alternatives; focus on understanding the reasoning behind decisions made.
  • Good outcomes don’t always stem from good decisions; ensure robust decision-making processes.
  • Utilize the rational decision-making framework to systematically address problems.
  • Quality of decisions may decline with numerous daily decisions; consciously mediate against cognitive shortcuts.

Quantitative Frameworks

  • Single Objective: Decisions aimed at achieving one primary outcome, typically framed as "maximize" or "minimize".
  • Multiple Objectives: Involve balancing competing goals; necessitate trade-offs due to conflicts among objectives.
  • Payoff Table: Tool to display expected outcomes for different alternatives under varying conditions.

Decision-Making Frameworks

  • Maximax Framework: Optimistic approach, selecting highest payoffs for each alternative to find the best overall option.
  • Minimax Framework: Pessimistic approach focusing on minimizing potential losses during decision-making.

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Description

This quiz explores the comprehensive concepts of decision-making including definitions, design activities, and choice activities. It also examines data-driven decision-making and its relationship to business tactics and outcomes. Test your understanding of the nuances involved in the decision-making process.

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