Deciphering Text Puzzle
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Questions and Answers

What is the central unit in biology that plays a similar role to an atom in physical sciences?

  • Cell (correct)
  • Molecule
  • Nucleus
  • Protein

    • Which of the following organisms is NOT mentioned as a unicellular organism in the text?

  • Bacteria
  • Amoeba
  • Yeast
  • Human (correct)

    • What is the common genetic material shared by all present-day cells?

  • Carbohydrate
  • RNA
  • Protein
  • DNA (correct)

    • Which type of organisms are composed of collections of cells that function in a coordinated manner?

    <p>Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle surrounds all cells mentioned in the text?

    <p>Plasma Membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different kinds of cells are mentioned to exist in the human body according to the text?

    <p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms based on the provided information?

    <p>Division of labor exists within cells of multicellular organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of reproduction in unicellular organisms?

    <p>The entire organism is consumed during reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Robert Hooke observe in a thin slice of cork that led to his discovery of cells?

    <p>Honeycomb-like structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist named the small structures he discovered in a cork 'cells'?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Robert Hooke's discovery of cells?

    <p>Revealed the basic unit of life in living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term derives from the Latin word 'cellula' meaning 'a little room'?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect defines the life span of an individual as short in unicellular organisms?

    <p>Reproduction by a single cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental characteristic of cells in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Division of labor exists within cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Robert Hooke name the small structures he observed in a thin slice of cork?

    <p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of division of labor among cells in multicellular organisms imply?

    <p>Some cells are specialized for specific roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist first observed and named the nucleus in plant cells?

    <p>Robert Brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the idea that all plants consist of cells?

    <p>Jakob Matthias Schleiden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist stated that all animals and plants are made up of cells independently of Schleiden?

    <p>Theodor Schwann</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who established that the nucleus was responsible for storing and transmitting hereditary characters?

    <p>Ernst Haeckel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1855, which biologist presented the idea that all cells arise from pre-existing cells?

    <p>Rudolf Virchow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the free-living cells in pond water for the first time in 1674?

    <p>Anton von Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist first gave the term 'protoplasm' to the living fluid substance inside a cell?

    <p>J.E. Purkinje</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with establishing the cell theory as part of biology?

    <p>Rudolf Virchow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered and identified sperm cells of multiple species including humans and rabbits?

    <p>Anton von Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did J.E.Purkinje give the term 'protoplasm' for the living fluid substance inside cells?

    <p>1839</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopes are used for observing the fine details of very minute objects?

    <p>Electron microscopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the magnification power range of light or compound microscopes?

    <p>500-2000 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the diaphragm in a light microscope?

    <p>To illuminate the object/specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which knob on a light microscope is used for rapid and precise focusing of the object?

    <p>Upper and large knob for coarse adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the condenser in a light microscope?

    <p>To control the amount of light reaching the object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are compound microscopes called light microscopes?

    <p>Because they use sunlight for illumination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of a light microscope is responsible for forming a sharp image by focusing properly?

    <p>Side knobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a compound microscope achieve high magnification?

    <p>By using specialized lenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a reflector in a light microscope?

    <p>To illuminate the object/specimen from above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes electron microscopes from light microscopes in terms of imaging capabilities?

    <p>Electron microscopes use electrons to image objects at higher resolution than light microscopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an electron microscope differ from a light compound microscope?

    <p>It uses electrons for illumination and electromagnets for magnification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for the working of an electron microscope?

    <p>An internal vacuum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an electron microscope help observe that a compound microscope cannot?

    <p>Subcellular structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is impregnated with metal to enhance contrast in an electron microscope?

    <p>The object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of leaf from an onion bulb is used in Activity 1?

    <p>Inner fleshy leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the onion peel before transferring it to a glass slide?

    <p>Put a drop of clean water on it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to transfer the onion peel onto the glass slide in Activity 1?

    <p>Thin camel hair paint brush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to observe the onion peel under a light compound microscope?

    <p>$10(5 + 2)$ power objective lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe organisms that do not contain any cells in their body organisation?

    <p>Non-cellular organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic substance is observed in a Prokaryotic cell's nuclear region?

    <p>Chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells contain membrane-bound nuclei and other cellular organelles according to the text?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the undefined nuclear region in the cytoplasm of a Prokaryotic cell being called nucleoid?

    <p>It lacks a nuclear membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organisms include bacteria, plants, and animals as examples?

    <p>Eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic cells in terms of genetic material?

    <p>Presence of membrane-bound nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that defines Prokaryotic cells according to the text?

    <p>&quot;Primitive cells&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelles are absent in Prokaryotic cells but present in Eukaryotic cells?

    <p>&quot;Mitochondria&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe organisms like bacteria that have advanced and complete cells?

    <p>&quot;Eukaryotes&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells contain plasma membrane, nucleus, DNA, and cellular organelles such as mitochondria?

    <p>&quot;Eukaryotic cells&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the contents of a living cell, contained within the plasma membrane?

    <p>Protoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a plant body reveals differences in terms of shape, size, and structure among cells?

    <p>Leaf peels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In higher organisms, what basic characteristics are shared by all cells?

    <p>Plasma membrane, cytoplasm with organelles and a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a gene?

    <p>Protein synthesis regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a cell contains red-colored cell sap according to the text?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cells of multicellular organisms from unicellular organisms?

    <p>Division of labor among cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is usually differentiated into the nucleus and cytoplasm?

    <p>Protoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of Prokaryotic cells according to the text?

    <p>Absence of membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cell division occur in Prokaryotic cells based on the information provided?

    <p>By fission or budding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is present in Eukaryotic cells but absent in Prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells differ from that of Prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a nuclear membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the genetic material of Prokaryotic cells?

    <p>A single chromosome is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the DNA content of the nucleus from that of the nucleoid?

    <p>The nucleus has equal DNA content to several DNA molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of size, which statement correctly contrasts the nucleus and the nucleoid?

    <p>The nucleus is larger with a double membrane envelope; the nucleoid is smaller and lacks a covering membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature characterizes the DNA in the nucleoid compared to that in the nucleus?

    <p>Nucleoid DNA is associated with histone proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect differentiates the presence of a nucleolus in the nucleus from its absence in the nucleoid?

    <p>The nucleolus serves as a storage site for RNA in the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the difference in chromatin structure between the nucleus and the nucleoid?

    <p>Histones are present in chromatin of one structure but not the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of organelles mentioned in the text?

    <p>They are found in Prokaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between organs and organelles?

    <p>Internal vs. external location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between cells and tissues as per the text?

    <p>Tissues comprise of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential characteristic that differentiates organs from organ systems as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Formation of tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cells, what could be a common misconception based on the text?

    <p>All cells are multicellular in nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, which option correctly describes the relationship between organelles and cells?

    <p>Cells are found in all eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of organ systems in an organism based on the text?

    <p>'Organ systems are coordinated to form the body of an organism.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the cardiac muscle cells in the human body?

    <p>They contract rapidly, rhythmically and tirelessly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes skeletal muscles from other types of muscles in the human body?

    <p>Their contraction depends on voluntary control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a cell, what is the role of lysosomes as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Waste substance clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ribosomes within a cell according to the text?

    <p>Making new material like proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes cardiac muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells?

    <p>Fatigue resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing food such as glucose/starch within a cell?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the shape of a eukaryotic cell based on the text?

    <p>Functional adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of cells does variable or irregular shape occur according to the text?

    <p>White blood cells and leucocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is mentioned as responsible for maintaining cell shape in unicellular organisms?

    <p>Exoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are spherical in circulating blood but can change shape under different conditions based on the text?

    <p>Leucocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maintains the shape of cells in multicellular organisms primarily according to the text?

    <p>Cell wall rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is not specifically mentioned to have a fixed shape in the text?

    <p>Amoeba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maintains cell shape in unicellular organisms such as Paramecium?

    <p>$\text{Plasma membrane}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Branched' is used to describe the shape of which cell type according to the text?

    <p>$\text{Chromatophores}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of eukaryotic cells according to the text?

    <p>10 to 100 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism mentioned in the text has the largest cell among multicellular plants?

    <p>Cycas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of a typical cell of multicellular organisms mentioned in the text?

    <p>20 to 30 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of the 'tail' or axon found in some nerve cells of human beings?

    <p>1 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit of length is used in the CGS system and is equal to one millionth of a metre?

    <p>Micrometre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of prokaryotic cell sizes as mentioned in the text?

    <p>0.1 to 5 m/studygear um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the size of unicellular organisms compare to that of typical cells in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Unicellular organisms are larger than multicellular organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the size of an organism according to the text?

    <p>The number of cells present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a multicellular organism, what factor is usually correlated with the number of cells?

    <p>The size of the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major functional region do all cells possess based on the text?

    <p>Cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell region lies inside the plasma membrane?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure responsible for maintaining cell shape in all cells?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the outer boundary structure of a cell?

    <p>Cell wall or plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for enclosing all cells mentioned in the text?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the overall size of a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>Nucleus-cytoplasm ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the plasma membrane as described in the text?

    <p>Living and selectively permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How thick is the plasma membrane based on the information provided?

    <p>7 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique made it possible to investigate the detailed structure of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Electron microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelles are most cellular organelles enclosed according to the text?

    <p>Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is NOT mentioned as being visible under a light microscope in the text?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the essential characteristics of the plasma membrane mentioned in the provided information?

    <p>'Selectively permeable' property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microscopy made it possible to view the detailed structure of cellular organelles?

    <p>'Advanced' electron microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the plasma membrane from other cellular organelles based on the text?

    <p>Living, delicate, and selectively permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary chemical component of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the red-colored cell sap in plant cells?

    <p>Plastids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ER is associated with lipid metabolism and lacks ribosomes on its surface?

    <p>Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a cell primarily stores water, sugars, ions, and pigments?

    <p>Vacuoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a cell inclusion is referred to as 'granules,' what category does it fall under?

    <p>Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until uniform concentration is achieved?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves substances of small size diffusing readily through the phospholipid layer of the plasma membrane?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the maintenance of a constant internal environment by the cell despite changes outside it?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are generally drawn into a cell and include raw materials for metabolism like food, water, salts, and oxygen?

    <p>Salts and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical activity for substance intake involves molecules or ions moving from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the selective movement of substances across the plasma membrane that involves diffusion and osmosis?

    <p>Selective permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological activity performed by the plasma membrane involves the active transport of substances into the cell?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do substances like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water generally do when they move through the plasma membrane?

    <p>Diffuse readily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of intrinsic proteins in the plasma membrane according to the fluid mosaic model?

    <p>Provide strength to the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of extrinsic proteins in the plasma membrane based on the fluid mosaic model?

    <p>Facilitate active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Singer and Nicolson's fluid mosaic model, what does the term 'protein icebergs' refer to?

    <p>Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do proteins contribute to the flexibility of the plasma membrane?

    <p>By providing strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of receptor proteins in the plasma membrane based on Singer and Nicolson's model?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function attributed to proteins in the plasma membrane according to the fluid mosaic model?

    <p>'Protein icebergs' analogy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does selective permeability of the plasma membrane benefit cells?

    <p>By preventing useful molecules from entering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Selective permeability' of the plasma membrane primarily prevents which type of molecules from entering cells?

    <p><em>Waste products</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main advantages provided by selective permeability of the plasma membrane based on Singer and Nicolson's model?

    <p>Preventing metabolic intermediates from leaving cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process through which water molecules move through a selective permeable membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is used as an example to explain the diffusion process inside and outside a cell?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does CO2 move when there is a difference in its concentration inside and outside a cell?

    <p>Out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which cells absorb water without expending energy?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules demonstrate a similar movement behavior to carbon dioxide and oxygen across the plasma membrane?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could happen if an animal cell or plant cell is placed in a solution of sugar or salt prepared in water?

    <p>Cells will burst due to excess water intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>The cell gains water and swells up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution would cause a plant cell to become plasmolyzed?

    <p>Hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome for an animal cell in an isotonic solution?

    <p>It maintains the same size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a concentrated solution with a higher solute concentration than a cell?

    <p>Hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition would a red blood cell be crenated?

    <p>Hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely effect of placing a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell will shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if an animal cell is placed in a very dilute solution?

    <p>The cell will gain water and burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for a solution with the same water concentration as the cell?

    <p>Isotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of solution would most likely cause a plant cell to become turgid?

    <p>Hypotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a red blood cell is placed in a concentrated salt solution, what would be the expected outcome?

    <p>The cell will shrink and become plasmolyzed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to dried raisins and apricots when placed in a concentrated solution of sugar or salt?

    <p>They lose water and shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about osmosis according to Table 6 provided in the text?

    <p>Equilibrium in the free energy of solvent molecules is achieved in the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between diffusion and osmosis?

    <p>Equilibrium in the free energy of diffusing substances is never achieved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In osmosis, what is the role of a semipermeable membrane?

    <p>Regulates the movement of solvent molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to most plant cells and unicellular freshwater organisms through osmosis?

    <p>They gain water through endosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of endosmosis when dried raisins and apricots are placed in pure water?

    <p>They swell due to gaining water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In osmosis, what influences the process besides the free energy of solvent molecules?

    <p>Presence of other substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the expected outcome for the blood drop marked as B in the experiment with human RBCs described in the text?

    <p>RBCs appear swollen and haemolysed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component removed when processing a hen's egg in diluted hydrochloric acid as described in the text?

    <p>Calcium bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an egg is placed in a concentrated salt solution, what is the expected outcome based on the osmosis experiment with an egg described in the text?

    <p>The egg shrinks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution according to the text?

    <p>RBCs shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the experiment with human RBCs, what role does Ringer's solution play?

    <p>It maintains RBC shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of observing the processed egg in pure water for 3-5 minutes in the osmosis experiment with an egg?

    <p>To see if the egg swells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the most likely result if a red blood cell was placed in distilled water according to the information provided?

    <p>The cell would burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do RBCs differ when observed in an isotonic solution compared to a hypotonic solution based on the text?

    <p>RBCs are shrunken in isotonic and swollen in hypotonic solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an egg placed in diluted hydrochloric acid according to the text?

    <p>The egg shell is removed leaving a skin around the egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport mechanism moves molecules against the concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins and energy from ATP?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological process is a collective term for the ingestion of material by cells through the plasma membrane and requires energy, similar to active transport?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cellular transport process can molecules move through a biological membrane down the concentration gradient without the use of carrier proteins and energy?

    <p>Passive diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of receptor-mediated endocytosis among the three types of endocytosis mentioned in the text?

    <p>Selective uptake of large molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are actively transported to maintain significant concentration gradients inside and outside animal cells?

    <p>Sodium and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key features that differentiate active transport from passive diffusion?

    <p>Movement against concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process out of the listed options requires energy and is considered a form of active transport?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates phagocytosis from potocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis?

    <p>'Cell eating' large particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Cellular drinking' is associated with which type of endocytosis?

    <p>Potocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy used in active transport processes according to the text?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of permeases in mediated transport?

    <p>To enable solute molecules to cross the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does facilitated diffusion differ from active transport in mediated transport?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion requires no metabolic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In active transport, how do substances move across the membrane?

    <p>Against a concentration gradient with the help of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of facilitated diffusion in animals according to the text?

    <p>To transport glucose into body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes permeases from other proteins in the membrane?

    <p>They are specific and facilitate the passage of certain molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is active transport termed as such in mediated transport?

    <p>Because it requires energy input for transporting molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes facilitated transport from active transport in mediated transport?

    <p>Active transport involves movement against a concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do permeases aid in mediated transport across the cell membrane?

    <p>By creating small passageways through the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the process of a vesicle releasing its contents outside the cell?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the two membranes involved in exocytosis fused during the process?

    <p>By rearrangement of lipid molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary carbohydrate component of the rigid cell wall in plant cells?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance may be moved across a cell and released by exocytosis after being picked up by phagocytosis at one side of a blood vessel?

    <p>IgA or immunoglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the middle lamella in plant cells?

    <p>Gluing adjacent cell walls together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of a plant cell wall?

    <p>Shape determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a plant cell when it loses water through osmosis?

    <p>It undergoes plasmolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides mechanical strength to support plant cells?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is added to tissues like xylem to further increase their mechanical support?

    <p>Lignin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plasmodesmata contribute to intercellular connections in plant cells?

    <p>By allowing exchange of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phagocytosis based on the text?

    <p>Defense against foreign particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes endocytotic vesicles from phagocytotic vesicles according to the text?

    <p>Size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial coating of the plasma membrane during phagocytosis as described in the text?

    <p>Actin-myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells contain macrophages, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Connective tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic that differentiates phagocytosis from endocytosis according to the text?

    <p>Nutritive and defensive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the phagosome after it detaches from the plasma membrane?

    <p>Fuses with lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is actively involved in the digestion of ingested particles during phagocytosis?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a phagocyte engulfs a particle during phagocytosis?

    <p>Actin-myosin forms a pocket around the particle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the formation of a pocket during phagocytosis, according to the text?

    <p>Actin-myosin coating on the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in plant cells determines cell shape, prevents desiccation, and is made up of cellulose microfibrils?

    <p>Cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a plant cell wall as described in the text?

    <p>Maintain turgidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the plant cell wall has narrow pores called pits that allow exchange of materials between cells?

    <p>Middle lamella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where a plant cell loses water through osmosis, leading to shrinkage of the protoplasm away from the cell wall?

    <p>Plasmolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is responsible for forming the jelly-like middle lamella in plant cells?

    <p>Calcium and magnesium pectate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lignin in plant tissues like xylem according to the text?

    <p>Increase in mechanical strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of plasmodesmata mentioned in the text?

    <p>Narrow pores connecting adjacent plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the visibility of plant cells as distinct units under a microscope based on the text?

    <p>Cell wall structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activity involves examining leaf cells under a microscope after mounting a Rheo leaf in water on a slide?

    <p>Microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of macrophages in phagocytosis?

    <p>Engulfing cellular debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do phagocytotic vesicles differ from endocytotic vesicles based on the text?

    <p>Phagocytotic vesicles are larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial coating of the plasma membrane in phagocytosis?

    <p>Actin-myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomal enzymes in phagocytosis?

    <p>Digesting cellular debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In phagocytosis, which organelles join with the vacuole containing the ingested particle?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between endocytosis and phagocytosis based on the text?

    <p>Phagocytosis is a defensive process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the phagosome after it detaches from the plasma membrane in phagocytosis?

    <p>It joins with the vacuole containing ingested particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the involvement of white blood cells in phagocytosis?

    <p><strong>White blood cells engulf cellular debris and uninvited microbes</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleolus based on the information provided?

    <p>It helps in controlling the structure and function of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chromosomes primarily store hereditary information as per the text?

    <p>Using DNA and proteins such as histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives chromosomes their characteristic shape?

    <p>Telomeres at the centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cell division, what happens when sister chromatids are held together?

    <p>They remain attached at their centromeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chromosomes from nucleoli in their respective functions?

    <p>Chromosomes control cell structure, while nucleoli synthesize ribosomal subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of telomeres in chromosomes?

    <p>They help maintain chromosome shape during replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sister chromatids relate to each other during cell division?

    <p>They remain attached at the centromere as sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes DNA's role from proteins within a chromosome?

    <p><strong>DNA</strong> serves as genetic material, while proteins have structural functions within chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a cell that has half the number of chromosomes, with one of each kind?

    <p>Monoploid cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process originates the diploid state of organisms according to the text?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells in human beings are diploid?

    <p>Somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of cells labeled as haploid in the text?

    <p>They are crucial for sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for a set comprising unpaired chromosomes of each kind?

    <p>Haploid set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the inner granular mass of the cytoplasm?

    <p>Endoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cell is described as the soluble part of cytoplasm?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system of protein fibers is found in the cytosol?

    <p>Cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance forms the ground substance or 'background material' of the cytoplasm?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cytoskeleton contain?

    <p>Three types of protein fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the cytoplasm is described as more gel-like?

    <p>Ectoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of water does Cytosol contain?

    <p>~90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a colloidal solution primarily composed of in the cytoplasm?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope in a cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the outer, clearer layer of the cytoplasm?

    <p>Ectoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments in cellular movement?

    <p>Help the cells maintain their shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical element is the most abundant in the cytoplasm or cytosol?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing energy-rich ATP within the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digesting substances taken up by the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cell is described as a 'small organ' and has a definite shape, structure, and function?

    <p>Cell organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of plasma membranes in cells?

    <p>Keeping cell contents separate from the external environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glycolysis take place within a cell?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major site for protein synthesis within a cell?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for lipid synthesis within a cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Synthesizing lipids and steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is abundant in liver and testicular cells for synthesizing steroid hormones?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

    <p>Presence of ribosomes on the outer surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes of lysosomes primarily produced?

    <p>Rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Golgi apparatus play in the cell?

    <p>Processing and packaging proteins and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle arises from the membrane of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in a cell?

    <p>Transporting proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of fats, steroids, and cholesterol?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle forms the supporting skeletal framework of a cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cell organelle do certain enzymes synthesize fats, steroids, and cholesterol?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) compared to smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

    <p>Protein transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes on its surface?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in liver cells?

    <p>Detoxification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) use ribosomes for?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Camillo Golgi develop a staining technique for in 1873?

    <p>Nervous system exploration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1898, what did Camillo Golgi identify and describe in neurons?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Golgi apparatus play in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Macromolecule modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Camillo Golgi share the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for in 1906?

    <p>Nervous system structure studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular secretions are produced by the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Enzymes and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Secretory processing and packaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Santiago Ramon y Cajal in the history of Cell and Molecular Biology?

    <p>'Most cited' scientist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Zymogens' mentioned in the text are dispatched to which targets by the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>'Extracellular targets'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Red-colored cell sap' in plant cells is primarily due to the presence of what substance?

    <p>'Anthocyanins'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes within a cell?

    <p>Digesting organic materials with powerful enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did Golgi's staining method revolutionize neuroscience?

    <p>By enabling the visualization of individual nerve structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration?

    <p>Synthesizing ATP molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes lysosomes from mitochondria based on their functions in a cell?

    <p>Lysosomes break down organic materials, while mitochondria are energy powerhouses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of mitochondria's inner membrane structure in cellular function?

    <p>To increase the surface area for energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lysosomes contribute to maintaining cellular health?

    <p>By digesting and removing cell debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are lysosomes often referred to as 'suicide bags'?

    <p>For potentially bursting and digesting their own cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the structure of lysosomes from mitochondria at the cellular level?

    <p>Lysosomes have a porous outer membrane, while mitochondria have a single membrane envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes Golgi's work from Cajal's contributions to neuroscience?

    <p>Golgi revolutionized staining techniques for individual nerve structures, while Cajal established the nerve cell as the basic structural unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes mitochondria and plastids semiautonomous organelles?

    <p>They have their own genome and ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chromoplasts in plant cells?

    <p>Produce pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that differentiates leucoplasts from chromoplasts?

    <p>Coloration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigment is responsible for the orange to reddish coloration of non-green chromoplasts?

    <p>Carotenes and xanthophylls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of green chloroplasts?

    <p>Perform photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plastid would most likely be found in the storage cells of plant roots?

    <p>Aleuroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic between mitochondria and plastids regarding their division?

    <p>'Binary fission' method of division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle can be formed from leucoplasts or chloroplasts?

    <p>'Chromoplasts'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of leucoplasts compared to other types of plastids?

    <p>Colorless nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plastid provides color to organs, such as flowers and fruits, for attracting animals?

    <p>Chromoplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plastid would you find lamellae present along with chlorophylls and carotenoids?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of chromoplasts that distinguishes them from chloroplasts?

    <p>Lack of chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plastid type is involved in providing color to organs for attracting pollinators and disseminators?

    <p>Chromoplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plastid is responsible for taking part in the storage of food materials like carbohydrates and lipids?

    <p>Leucoplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chromopiasts from other plastids in terms of their color and shape?

    <p>They are brownish to reddish in color and irregular in shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of chromoplasts that distinguishes them from other plastids regarding their function?

    <p>Adding color to attract animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes chloroplasts as the primary sites of photosynthesis within plant cells?

    <p>Presence of flattened sacs containing chlorophyll molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes leucoplasts unique among other plastids concerning their presence in cells?

    <p>Colorless nature and shape characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?

    <p>Maintain osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cell division, what are the daughter cells formed from a parent cell called?

    <p>Daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Growth of the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In meiosis, what occurs during the second division (meiosis II)?

    <p>Formation of haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates meiosis I from mitosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Meiosis I reduces chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a vacuole play in providing turgidity to plant cells?

    <p>Maintaining osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of cell division for asexual reproduction in plants?

    <p>Production of vegetative propagules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the daughter cells produced through mitosis compare to the parent cell?

    <p><strong>They are genetically similar or identical</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for sexual reproduction in terms of gamete formation?

    <p><strong>Meiosis</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes meiosis II from meiosis I in terms of chromosome separation?

    <p><strong>Two daughter chromatids separate</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinguishing feature between mitochondria and vacuoles as described in the text?

    <p>Energy liberation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria based on their function as described in the text?

    <p>Food synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for maintaining water balance in protozoans as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Vacuoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial role do vacuoles play in plant cells according to the information provided?

    <p>Storage and maintaining cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the difference in colour between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

    <p>Mitochondria are colourless, and chloroplasts are green.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature that distinguishes the inner membrane structure of mitochondria from that of chloroplasts as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Cristae in mitochondria vs. thylakoids in chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vacuoles in animal cells differ from vacuoles in plant cells based on the information provided?

    <p>Animal cell vacuoles store water, plant cell vacuoles store proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of chloroplasts mentioned in the text?

    <p>Synthesizing food by photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mitochondria and chloroplasts differ in terms of oxygen consumption and liberation as described in the text?

    <p>Mitochondria consume O2 and liberate CO2, while chloroplasts consume CO2 and liberate O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for reducing the chromosome number to half in cells according to the text?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of plant cells compared to animal cells based on the information provided?

    <p>Larger cell size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is characteristic of animal cells but not typically found in plant cells as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Centrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Golgi apparatus in animal cells according to the text?

    <p>Transport and modification of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of genetic variations, which type of cell division is responsible for producing more diversity?

    <p>Meiosis in diploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates plant cells from animal cells based on the presence of plastids?

    <p>Chlorophyll presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic organelle is commonly found in animal cells but not typically in plant cells?

    <p>Centrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of the Golgi apparatus between animal and plant cells according to the information provided?

    <p>Golgi apparatus complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle's presence or absence highlights a significant difference between plant and animal cells according to the text?

    <p>Centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the genetic material of prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells have smaller nucleoids compared to eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of viruses in terms of cellular classification?

    <p>Viruses are neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic and lack cellular organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelles in a eukaryotic cell have two membranes surrounding them?

    <p>Nucleus and chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

    <p>Transport of materials between adjacent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells from those in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (70 S) compared to eukaryotic ribosomes (80 S).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tonoplast in plant cells?

    <p>Vacuole membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the membrane characteristics of various cell organelles?

    <p>Ribosomes and nucleolus are membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Middle lamella' serves as what part of plant cell structure?

    <p>Connection between adjacent plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelles can replicate themselves due to possessing DNA and ribosomes?

    <p>Mitochondria and plastids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of plasmodesmata in plant cell communication?

    <p>Allowing transport of materials between adjacent plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells based on the text?

    <p>Presence of a true nucleus in eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes as indicated in the text?

    <p>Digestion of organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do chromoplasts primarily function within a cell?

    <p>Providing color to flowers and fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing energy-rich ATP within the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of cellular structure, what distinguishes ribosomes from centrioles and nucleolus?

    <p>Membrane-bound nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature describes the plasma membrane based on its composition?

    <p>Rigid and freely permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Protoplast' of a cell consists of which components according to the text?

    <p>Cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction between SER and RER based on their function within a cell?

    <p>Lipid synthesis by SER and protein synthesis by RER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets chloroplasts apart from mitochondria based on their respective functions within the cell?

    <p>Converting sunlight into chemical energy vs. using molecular oxygen for energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

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