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Questions and Answers
What is the prevalence of schizophrenia per 1000 persons?
What is associated with a more benign course of schizophrenia?
What is a characteristic of the negative syndrome of schizophrenia?
What is a factor that affects the prognosis of schizophrenia?
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What is true about the positive syndrome of schizophrenia?
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What is a characteristic of people with schizophrenia?
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What is a factor associated with recovering from schizophrenia?
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What is true about the epidemiology of schizophrenia?
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What is a possible cause of schizophrenia?
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What is a structural anomaly found in the brains of people with schizophrenia?
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Study Notes
Common Myths about Schizophrenia
- Myth #1: Schizophrenia does not mean "split personality"
- Myth #2: It is not caused by bad parenting
- Myth #3: It is not caused by drug experimentation
- Myth #4: It is not a lack of motivation
- Myth #5: The incidence of schizophrenia is not rising
- Myth #6: It does not always lead to institutionalization and disability
- Myth #7: It is not related to low intelligence
- Myth #8: People with schizophrenia are not always dangerous and violent
Famous People with Schizophrenia
- John Nash, a Nobel Prize winner in Math
- Van Gogh, a famous artist
Medical Management
- Antipsychotic medication: clozapine, risperidone, asenapine, and olanzapine
- These medications decrease positive symptoms, but do not cure schizophrenia
- Side effects: autonomic nervous system signs, endocrine side effects, weight gain, and skin changes
- Close monitoring of drug trials is essential
- A major concern is non-compliance with medication
Assessment
- Goal setting: using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM)
- ADL: Assessment of ADL of Personal Life Skills (PLS) using the Milwaukee Evaluation of Daily Living Skills (MEDLS)
- Leisure: Leisure and Activity Configuration, Activity Card
- Motor skills: Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS)
- Emotional: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
- Function: The Functional Levels Outcome Measure (FLOM)
Goal Setting
- SMART goals
- Based on functional activities
- Integrates goals from patients and family members
- Takes into consideration the expected prognosis (positive vs. negative)
Schizophrenia Definition
- Primarily a disorganization of thinking
- Can result in grossly disorganized behavior, hallucinations, delusions, and deterioration of ADL skills
Schizophrenia Symptoms
- Positive symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and grossly disorganized behavior
- Negative symptoms: reduced emotional expression, alogia, anhedonia, asociality, avolition, and inattention
Other Symptoms of Concern to OT
- Lack of interest in eating (delusions may be an interfering factor)
- Abnormalities of psychomotor activity
- Concentration, attention, and memory difficulties
- Poor psychosocial functioning
- Depersonalization and derealization
- Somatic concerns, such as digestive or weight problems
- Anxieties and phobias
- Hallucinations, which can lead to profound dysfunction in daily life
- Suicide (10% of people with schizophrenia succeed, and 20-40% attempt)
Etiology of Schizophrenia
- Structural anomalies in the brain, including lesions in the brain stem, enlargement of the ventricles, brain atrophy, and abnormalities in the limbic structures, cerebellum, and corpus callosum
- Excess of dopamine or an excessive quantity of dopamine receptors
- Possible cause: exposure to certain viruses prenatally
- Heredity and excessive stress are also contributing factors
Epidemiology
- 6.2 per 1000 persons (Orrico-Sanchez, 2020)
- Greater prevalence in men than women
- Women tend to have a later onset and a more benign course
Prognosis
- A 20-year longitudinal study showed different rates of recovery for those with negative compared to positive symptoms of schizophrenia
- The negative syndrome represents a persistently impaired subsample of schizophrenia patients
- Factors associated with recovering from schizophrenia: shorter durations of untreated psychosis, coping and problem-solving skills, and cultural and environmental influences.
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Description
Test your knowledge on common myths and misconceptions about schizophrenia, including its causes, treatment, and stereotypes. Learn about the role of medication and famous individuals who have struggled with the condition.
