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Questions and Answers

List 4 functions (intention/benefits/goals) of positive theory:

Build machines to solve problems that existed

To become value free (correct)

To be un-biased (correct)

To educate the individual (correct)

According to Nesbit (1996), design theory may gain legitimacy through persuasion.

True

Like normative theory, positive theory is also generally considered value free.

False

Normative theory could relate to design process (procedural).

True Signup and view all the answers

It is a design professionals' attitude towards the built environment are often related to their attitude towards people.

True Signup and view all the answers

Define theory as presented during the first lecture (and as listed on the definition handout).

A rigorous and creative structuring of ideas that project a tentative, purposeful, and systematic view of phenomena. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not related to Kruff's book A History of Architectural Theory?

Architectural theory is related to a systematic study of social response Signup and view all the answers

Define two types of research.

Gathering information and creating new knowledge through a systematic process. Signup and view all the answers

Evidence-based design research based design generally refers to which typology?

Healthcare Signup and view all the answers

How is philosophy different from theory?

Philosophy goes deep into the subject and can have many different ideas. A theory is an idea that can be proved or disproved. Signup and view all the answers

Using the following terms, outline the model of theory as presented in the class: (procedural, normative, natural/environment, positive, person/environment, substantive)

Positive - person/environment Substantive - person/environment Procedural - person/environment Normative - person/environment Natural/environment Signup and view all the answers

Design praxis could be different than design practice and that it includes both theory and practice.

Design praxis is a broader approach that integrates theoretical frameworks with practical design activities. Signup and view all the answers

List three of the seven habits of mind that dispose one towards theoretical thinking.

Open mindedness Signup and view all the answers

According to the lecture, when did the development of environmental behavioral sciences and related human needs begin?

The 1960's. Signup and view all the answers

Scientific method involves principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving:

The recognition and formulation of problem Signup and view all the answers

Synthesis is related to deductive reasoning.

False Signup and view all the answers

According to the Paul and Elder reading, inert information is the basis for activated knowledge.

False Signup and view all the answers

According to Nesbitt (theorizing a new agenda for architecture),...

Theory deals with architectures aspirations as much as its accomplishments Signup and view all the answers

The value of theory for environmental design is related to the power of prediction.

Theory provides the foundation for understanding complex relationships and predicting future outcomes. This allows for more informed and strategic design decisions. Signup and view all the answers

Believe may be characterized as stronger than mere underground opinion but weaker than full knowledge.

True Signup and view all the answers

Groat and Wang 2002 stated that middle range theories have a wide applicability across disciplines.

True Signup and view all the answers

We generally recognize the work of individual designers by the design concept they use.

Assumption is based on the past Signup and view all the answers

According to Nesbitt, which of the following was/ were not a postmodern theoretical theme?

Architectural syntax Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a conflict of interest related to their professional practice of interior design.

A novice interior designer might not understand the complexities of a particular project or the potential implications that certain design choices might have, while an experienced designer might be aware of these issues but may prioritize personal gain over the client's best interest. Signup and view all the answers

Something according to Paul and Elder, list three types of implications in any situation

Necessary ones Signup and view all the answers

In relation to Brunswick Probabilistic Functionalism, distal cues are subjective and proximal cues are objective.

False Signup and view all the answers

Research indicates that most observers prefer ornate and single-purpose buildings.

True Signup and view all the answers

Thank you for considering spatial cognition, social legibility is generally not related to culture.

False Signup and view all the answers

List 3 of Kevin Lynch's five elements of setting that contribute to legibility.

Clear paths Signup and view all the answers

Jack Nassar's abstract relevant properties include which of the following?

Symbolic quality Signup and view all the answers

Phenomenologists reduce the distinction between the setting and the perceiver.

True Signup and view all the answers

Proper signage is a solution to way finding.

False Signup and view all the answers

Spatial cognition primarily relates to the manner in which we process, store, and recall information.

True Signup and view all the answers

Need to cancel for signage and meaning in the environment are related to four distinct processes, which of the following was not mentioned in the Gifford textbook?

Cultural attachment Signup and view all the answers

How does Gibson's concept of affordances differ from Brunswick's probabilistic functionalism?

Environmental appraisals are personal judgments of an environment. Environmental assessments are how we interpret an environment and what it can do for us. Signup and view all the answers

Berlin's collective properties include the following except:

Mysteriousness Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of Herbert Left's exercise - a way of enhancing our awareness of the environment.

One example of Herbert Lefts' exercise is to engage in a slow and deliberate walk through a familiar environment, paying attention to details that you might normally overlook. This can help to shift your perspective and reveal new insights about the environment. Signup and view all the answers

According to research, people generally prefer square rooms rather than rectangular rooms even though square rooms are often perceived to be smaller.

True Signup and view all the answers

James Russell and Maribel Bean’s model of emotional response references pleasure and arousal in developing a pattern of emotions.

True Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between environmental appraisals and environmental assessments.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Weber-Fechner Law relates to:

Habituation Signup and view all the answers

Stephen and Rachel Kaplan's preference framework include the following except?

Unity Signup and view all the answers

Research methods: what is a potential problem with self-report methods?

They are prone to bias, as people's self-perceptions may not always be accurate or objective. They can be influenced by a range of factors, such as social desirability or a lack of self-awareness. Signup and view all the answers

According to Kaplan's Preference Framework, which of the following is an inaccurate statement?

Generally, environmental preference should increase when the four major cognitive affordances increase. Signup and view all the answers

Generally and increase Helson's adaptation level theory relates to levels of environmental simulation.

Helson's Adaptation-Level Theory suggests that our perception and evaluation of a stimulus are influenced by our prior experiences with similar stimuli. It suggests that we tend to adapt to our environment and to perceive stimuli as normal or average. This adaptation can lead to changes in our perception of stimuli as they become more or less extreme, even if the stimuli themselves remain the same. Signup and view all the answers

According to Jack Nassar, an exciting building will show...

Low orderliness, complexity, and atypical style. Signup and view all the answers

In general, our Kaplan's preference framework, combined categories of order and complexity and legibility and mystery, different?

Order and complexity focuses on the perception of the user in relation to the environment, while legibility and mystery work on the way finding and surprising factors of the space. Signup and view all the answers

Integral theory person and environment are part of one inclusive entity. This refers to which of the following?

Transnationalism Signup and view all the answers

A key to critical thinking is to question and doubt.

Questioning and doubting help to challenge assumptions and to explore alternative perspectives. It encourages a critical examination of evidence and promotes a more thorough understanding of the subject matter. Signup and view all the answers

The value of theory is for interior design is related to its power of prediction.

Theory allows designers to make more informed and strategic decisions. It helps to anticipate how different design choices will impact people's experiences and behaviors within a space. Signup and view all the answers

Territoriality, how is marking a territory different than personalization of a territory?

Personalization involves adding your own personal touch and style to a space, while marking a territory aims to establish and claim ownership over a specific area. Signup and view all the answers

With reference to territoriality, the name for a type of defense that is used at the edge of interactional territories and consists of a ritual engaged by hosts and visitors is referred to as...

A social boundary. Signup and view all the answers

Social boundaries generally those with more internal locus of control engage in more environmentally responsible behaviors and are more likely to be political activists.

True Signup and view all the answers

According to the Gifford text, an idea would not be considered a type of territory.

False Signup and view all the answers

Social pedal settings discourage social interaction.

False Signup and view all the answers

Defensive individuals participate more in a circular setting configuration.

False Signup and view all the answers

Personal space is influenced by a person's self-construal and personality.

True Signup and view all the answers

Why would individuals with more internal locus of control engage in more environmentally responsible behaviors compared to external locus of control?

Individuals with a higher internal locus of control tend to believe that they have more control over their environment and are therefore more likely to take responsibility for taking care of it. They may be more likely to act on their beliefs by engaging in environmentally friendly practices and advocating for environmental protection. Signup and view all the answers

An old rule of thumb says that when 60% of seats in the room are taken some new arrivals will leave rather than take a seat.

This is a reflection of the social dynamic that shapes our behavior in public spaces. We tend to avoid feeling crowded or uncomfortable, and so when a space feels full, we may choose to seek out another option rather than sit in a crowded environment. Signup and view all the answers

By the age of 12 children use personal space approximately the way adults do.

This suggests that children are developing an understanding of social norms and personal boundaries around the age of 12. They are learning how to interact with others in a way that respects their personal space and the space of those around them. Signup and view all the answers

Class lecture listed 7 characteristics that would lead to successful action research process, which of the following would generally not be considered a characteristic?

The process is not a way of developing a local situational specific theory of action Signup and view all the answers

Intelligence is generally not considered a factor in how much space a person marks off for their territory.

False Signup and view all the answers

There is proof that territoriality perception and behavior is inherited.

False Signup and view all the answers

According to your class lecture notes, list 3 functions and territories.

Need for identity Signup and view all the answers

The more design can provide primary territories for every person, the better.

Primary territories offer a sense of ownership, privacy, and control over a specific area. They are essential for maintaining individual wellbeing and for fostering a sense of belonging within a community. By providing primary territories or personal spaces for each person within a building, design can contribute to a more positive and comfortable experience for all. Signup and view all the answers

Why would Kurt Lewin's field theory foreign hall be important for an interior designer?

Lewin's field theory emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological and social dynamics that influence behavior. The foreign hall concept highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with entering a new or unfamiliar environment. As interior designers, understanding these dynamics is essential for creating spaces that are welcoming, inviting, and conducive to a positive experience for users. Signup and view all the answers

In the summary of chapter 5, at the very least designers should offer people in relation to furniture arrangements...

Designers should offer people a flexibility of seating arrangements or variety seating arrangements, to accommodate different preferences and needs and to create more dynamic and engaging spaces. Signup and view all the answers

Type A personalities tend to claim smaller personal space.

False Signup and view all the answers

Personal space individuals generally choose larger distances between people indoors and outdoors.

True Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Positive Theory Functions

To educate individuals
To create machines to solve existing problems
To become value-free
To be unbiased

Design Theory Legitimacy

According to Nesbit (1996), design theory can gain legitimacy through persuasion.

Normative Theory and Value-Free

Positive theory, like normative theory, is not generally considered value-free.

Design Process and Procedural Theory

Normative theory can relate to the design process (procedural).

Professional Attitudes and Built Environment

Design professionals' attitudes towards the built environment are often linked to their attitudes towards people.

Theory Definition

Theory, as defined in lecture and handout, is a rigorous and creative structuring of ideas, showcasing a tentative, purposeful, and systematic understanding of phenomena.

Kruff's Book on Architectural Theory

Architectural theory is not related to a systematic study of social response.

Types of Research

Two types of research include gathering information and creating new knowledge (a systematic process).

Evidence-Based Design Research

Evidence-based design research generally refers to healthcare.

Philosophy vs. Theory

Philosophy delves deeply into a subject, potentially presenting numerous ideas, whereas a theory is an idea which can be proven or disproven.

Theory Model

The theory model as presented includes: procedural, normative, natural/environment, positive, person/environment, and substantive.

Design Praxis vs. Design Practice

Design praxis encompasses both theory and practice, potentially differing from design practice.

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Questions and Answers

List 4 functions (intention/benefits/goals) of positive theory:

According to Nesbit (1996), design theory may gain legitimacy through persuasion.

Like normative theory, positive theory is also generally considered value free.

Normative theory could relate to design process (procedural).

It is a design professionals' attitude towards the built environment are often related to their attitude towards people.

Define theory as presented during the first lecture (and as listed on the definition handout).

Which of the following is not related to Kruff's book A History of Architectural Theory?

Define two types of research.

Evidence-based design research based design generally refers to which typology?

How is philosophy different from theory?

Using the following terms, outline the model of theory as presented in the class: (procedural, normative, natural/environment, positive, person/environment, substantive)

Design praxis could be different than design practice and that it includes both theory and practice.

List three of the seven habits of mind that dispose one towards theoretical thinking.

According to the lecture, when did the development of environmental behavioral sciences and related human needs begin?

Scientific method involves principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving:

Synthesis is related to deductive reasoning.

According to the Paul and Elder reading, inert information is the basis for activated knowledge.

According to Nesbitt (theorizing a new agenda for architecture),...

The value of theory for environmental design is related to the power of prediction.

Believe may be characterized as stronger than mere underground opinion but weaker than full knowledge.

Groat and Wang 2002 stated that middle range theories have a wide applicability across disciplines.

We generally recognize the work of individual designers by the design concept they use.

According to Nesbitt, which of the following was/ were not a postmodern theoretical theme?

Give an example of a conflict of interest related to their professional practice of interior design.

Something according to Paul and Elder, list three types of implications in any situation

In relation to Brunswick Probabilistic Functionalism, distal cues are subjective and proximal cues are objective.

Research indicates that most observers prefer ornate and single-purpose buildings.

Thank you for considering spatial cognition, social legibility is generally not related to culture.

List 3 of Kevin Lynch's five elements of setting that contribute to legibility.

Jack Nassar's abstract relevant properties include which of the following?

Phenomenologists reduce the distinction between the setting and the perceiver.

Proper signage is a solution to way finding.

Spatial cognition primarily relates to the manner in which we process, store, and recall information.

Need to cancel for signage and meaning in the environment are related to four distinct processes, which of the following was not mentioned in the Gifford textbook?

How does Gibson's concept of affordances differ from Brunswick's probabilistic functionalism?

Berlin's collective properties include the following except:

Give an example of Herbert Left's exercise - a way of enhancing our awareness of the environment.

According to research, people generally prefer square rooms rather than rectangular rooms even though square rooms are often perceived to be smaller.

James Russell and Maribel Bean’s model of emotional response references pleasure and arousal in developing a pattern of emotions.

Explain the difference between environmental appraisals and environmental assessments.

The Weber-Fechner Law relates to:

Stephen and Rachel Kaplan's preference framework include the following except?

Research methods: what is a potential problem with self-report methods?

According to Kaplan's Preference Framework, which of the following is an inaccurate statement?

Generally and increase Helson's adaptation level theory relates to levels of environmental simulation.

According to Jack Nassar, an exciting building will show...

In general, our Kaplan's preference framework, combined categories of order and complexity and legibility and mystery, different?

Integral theory person and environment are part of one inclusive entity. This refers to which of the following?

A key to critical thinking is to question and doubt.

The value of theory is for interior design is related to its power of prediction.

Territoriality, how is marking a territory different than personalization of a territory?

With reference to territoriality, the name for a type of defense that is used at the edge of interactional territories and consists of a ritual engaged by hosts and visitors is referred to as...

Social boundaries generally those with more internal locus of control engage in more environmentally responsible behaviors and are more likely to be political activists.

According to the Gifford text, an idea would not be considered a type of territory.

Social pedal settings discourage social interaction.

Defensive individuals participate more in a circular setting configuration.

Personal space is influenced by a person's self-construal and personality.

Why would individuals with more internal locus of control engage in more environmentally responsible behaviors compared to external locus of control?

An old rule of thumb says that when 60% of seats in the room are taken some new arrivals will leave rather than take a seat.

By the age of 12 children use personal space approximately the way adults do.

Class lecture listed 7 characteristics that would lead to successful action research process, which of the following would generally not be considered a characteristic?

Intelligence is generally not considered a factor in how much space a person marks off for their territory.

There is proof that territoriality perception and behavior is inherited.

According to your class lecture notes, list 3 functions and territories.

The more design can provide primary territories for every person, the better.

Why would Kurt Lewin's field theory foreign hall be important for an interior designer?

In the summary of chapter 5, at the very least designers should offer people in relation to furniture arrangements...

Type A personalities tend to claim smaller personal space.

Personal space individuals generally choose larger distances between people indoors and outdoors.

Study Notes

Positive Theory Functions

Design Theory Legitimacy

Normative Theory and Value-Free

Design Process and Procedural Theory

Professional Attitudes and Built Environment

Theory Definition