ETHICS, POWER AND ACCOUNTABILITY (SGXETHPAC) - ACCOUNTABILITY
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Questions and Answers

What is ex-post accountability?

  • A type of accountability where power-holders are not held responsible.
  • The process of questioning before an action is finally approved.
  • The only true form of accountability where power-holders are assessed after the fact. (correct)
  • A form of accountability where frequency of scrutiny is not important.
  • What is the main difference between ex-post and ex-ante accountability?

  • Ex-post is more frequent than ex-ante.
  • Ex-post is more effective than ex-ante.
  • Ex-post is used in private sector, while ex-ante is used in public sector.
  • Ex-post is assessed after the fact, while ex-ante is before the fact. (correct)
  • Why is ex-post accountability considered the only true form of accountability?

  • Because it is the only form of accountability that can impose sanctions. (correct)
  • Because it is more frequent.
  • Because it is more effective.
  • Because it is assessed after the fact.
  • What is responsiveness in the context of accountability?

    <p>The desired aptitude of power-holders towards ordinary citizens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between accountability and responsiveness?

    <p>Accountability is governed by rules and constraints, while responsiveness is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of public sector actors in terms of responsiveness?

    <p>They have a duty to be responsive to the members of the public with whom they interact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is answerability in the context of accountability?

    <p>Having to provide information about one's actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is enforceability in the context of accountability?

    <p>Having to suffer penalties for poor performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a system that provides for sanctions alone, without a formal process of reason-giving?

    <p>Judgments about conduct or rationale become less fair and less good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between de jure and de facto lines of accountability?

    <p>The difference between formal and practical power to impose sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the AGENT and the OBJECT in the accountability drama?

    <p>The OBJECT is accountable to the AGENT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two key aspects of accountability?

    <p>Answerability and Enforceability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of de facto accountability in government activity?

    <p>To external donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of making de facto accountability relationships correspond with those stipulated in law?

    <p>To place a check on the authority of the powerful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'accountability' shorthand for in the context of governance?

    <p>Democratic accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are the primary beneficiaries of accountability in governance?

    <p>Ordinary people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conventional conception of accountability in governance?

    <p>As a way of providing citizens with a means to control the behavior of actors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have private sector actors come to be seen as legitimate objects of direct accountability?

    <p>Because they have assumed many more powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between those who hold state power and the people who constitute a political community?

    <p>Those who hold state power do so in the name of the people who constitute a political community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of the withdrawal of international grants and loans?

    <p>A serious sanction for the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ex-ante accountability is the only true form of accountability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ex-ante accountability occurs after an action is taken.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accountability is synonymous with responsiveness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ex-post accountability involves questioning before an action is finally approved.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Responsiveness is governed by the same set or intensity of rules, checks, and constraints as accountability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ex-ante accountability is exercised through parliamentary rejection or substantial amendment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frequency of scrutiny and public justification has no impact on the capacity of accountability systems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of accountability, the OBJECT is the one who is entitled to demand answers or impose punishments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accountability implies the capacity to demand reason-giving and impose penalties.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Answerability is having to suffer penalties from those dissatisfied with one's actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A system that provides for reason-giving alone, without sanctions, is considered fair and effective.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    De jure accountability refers to accountability in practice, while de facto accountability refers to accountability according to law or accepted procedure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enforceability is a necessary aspect of accountability.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The AGENT is the one who is accountable to the OBJECT in the accountability drama.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accountability is only relevant in the context of governance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    De facto accountability in government activity is primarily to domestic institutions such as parliament.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary concern of accountability is to empower those with relatively more power.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accountability is a way of providing citizens a means to control the behavior of private sector actors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Private sector actors have come to be seen as legitimate objects of mediated accountability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ultimate goal of making de facto accountability relationships correspond with those stipulated in law is to reduce accountability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accountability is shorthand for authoritarian accountability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accountability is primarily concerned with providing benefits to those who hold state power.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    De Facto Accountability

    • External donors hold more influence over government activities than domestic institutions like parliament.
    • The threat of withdrawing international grants and loans or imposing sanctions can hold governments accountable.

    Need for Accountability

    • Accountability ensures the powerful are checked, and those with less power are protected.
    • Accountability is essential in a democratic system, where those in power act on behalf of the people.

    Accountability Relationships

    • Accountability to ordinary people and the legal framework is crucial.
    • Providing citizens with means to control the behavior of politicians and government officials is essential.

    Private Sector Accountability

    • The private sector has assumed more powers, making them legitimate objects of direct accountability.
    • Actors in the private sector can be held accountable through direct means.

    Ex-Post and Ex-Ante Accountability

    Ex-Post Accountability

    • The only true form of accountability, where holders of power are expected to take actions and face assessment and potential sanctions after the fact.

    Ex-Ante Accountability

    • The decision-making process is subjected to questioning before an action is finally approved, allowing for scrutiny and justification before implementation.

    Accountability vs. Responsiveness

    • Accountability is not synonymous with responsiveness or a subjective sense of responsibility.
    • Responsiveness is the desired aptitude of power-holders towards ordinary citizens, but does not imply accountability.

    Accountability in Practice

    • Accountability involves the capacity to demand reason-giving and the capacity to impose penalties for poor performance.
    • A person is accountable to another if they are obliged to explain and justify their actions, and may face sanctions if their conduct is found wanting.

    Key Actors in Accountability

    • The OBJECT is the one obliged to account for their actions and face sanction.
    • The AGENT is the one entitled to demand answers or impose punishments.

    Forms of Accountability

    • ANSWERABILITY: having to provide information about one's actions.
    • ENFORCEABILITY: having to suffer penalties from those dissatisfied with the actions or rationale.

    De Facto Accountability

    • External donors hold more influence over government activities than domestic institutions like parliament.
    • The threat of withdrawing international grants and loans or imposing sanctions can hold governments accountable.

    Need for Accountability

    • Accountability ensures the powerful are checked, and those with less power are protected.
    • Accountability is essential in a democratic system, where those in power act on behalf of the people.

    Accountability Relationships

    • Accountability to ordinary people and the legal framework is crucial.
    • Providing citizens with means to control the behavior of politicians and government officials is essential.

    Private Sector Accountability

    • The private sector has assumed more powers, making them legitimate objects of direct accountability.
    • Actors in the private sector can be held accountable through direct means.

    Ex-Post and Ex-Ante Accountability

    Ex-Post Accountability

    • The only true form of accountability, where holders of power are expected to take actions and face assessment and potential sanctions after the fact.

    Ex-Ante Accountability

    • The decision-making process is subjected to questioning before an action is finally approved, allowing for scrutiny and justification before implementation.

    Accountability vs. Responsiveness

    • Accountability is not synonymous with responsiveness or a subjective sense of responsibility.
    • Responsiveness is the desired aptitude of power-holders towards ordinary citizens, but does not imply accountability.

    Accountability in Practice

    • Accountability involves the capacity to demand reason-giving and the capacity to impose penalties for poor performance.
    • A person is accountable to another if they are obliged to explain and justify their actions, and may face sanctions if their conduct is found wanting.

    Key Actors in Accountability

    • The OBJECT is the one obliged to account for their actions and face sanction.
    • The AGENT is the one entitled to demand answers or impose punishments.

    Forms of Accountability

    • ANSWERABILITY: having to provide information about one's actions.
    • ENFORCEABILITY: having to suffer penalties from those dissatisfied with the actions or rationale.

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    Description

    This quiz covers de facto accountability in government activity, including external donors and domestic institutions, and the need for accountability in policy making.

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