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Questions and Answers
What are the distinguishing features of prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are simple, unicellular organisms that do not have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, with most of their DNA found in the nucleoid region.
What are the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane and contain various other organelles that are also membrane-bound.
Which statement is true about prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes can only be multicellular organisms.
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What is the process by which generic cells change to different types of specialized cells?
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Which type of tissue is characterized by closely-joined cells with tight junctions?
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Match the types of epithelial tissue with their functions:
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What is the main function of blood in connective tissue?
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Connective tissue proper is made up of ____ connective tissue that is found in the skin.
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Adipose tissue stores fats and helps to insulate the body.
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Study Notes
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells are simple, unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, primarily containing DNA in the nucleoid region.
- Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus enclosed by a membrane and have various other organelles that are also membrane-bound.
- Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can possess genetic information despite the lack of a defined nucleus in prokaryotes.
- Bacteria, often viewed negatively, play essential roles in ecosystems and human health.
Specialized Cells in Animals
- Specialized cells undergo differentiation to perform specific functions within multicellular organisms.
- Key types of specialized animal cells include epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve cells.
Specialized Cells in Plants
- Plant cells also differentiate to carry out specialized functions, adapting to unique roles within plant tissues.
Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelial tissue serves as linings for organs and cavities, characterized by closely packed cells with tight junctions.
- Distinct arrangements of epithelial cells include:
- Cuboidal: For secretion.
- Simple Columnar: Brick-shaped for secretion and absorption.
- Simple Squamous: Plate-like for material exchange via diffusion.
- Stratified Squamous: Multilayered for protection, regenerates quickly.
- Pseudo-Stratified Columnar: Appears layered, lines the respiratory tract, may contain cilia for mucus sweeping.
Connective Tissue
- Connective tissues include various types that provide support and structure, such as:
- Blood: Composed of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
- Connective Tissue Proper (CTP): Includes loose connective tissue (found in skin) and fibrous connective tissue (tendons, ligaments).
- Adipose Tissue: A type of loose connective tissue that stores fat and functions in insulation and energy storage.
- Cartilage: Contains collagenous fibers in chondroitin sulfate, cushioning bones and aiding structural stability.
- Bone: A hard mineralized tissue, formed by osteoblasts, combines collagen matrix with minerals and houses blood vessels and nerves.
Muscle Tissue
- Muscle tissues are made of long cells (muscle fibers) that allow for movement and contractibility, facilitating bodily functions.
Cell Modifications for Function
- Cells can adapt through structural changes such as:
- Cilia: Can be motile for movement or non-motile (sensory).
- Flagella: Whip-like structures for propulsion.
- Microvilli: Small projections enhancing surface area for increased absorption.
- Pseudopodia: Temporary extensions for movement and engulfing substances (phagocytosis).
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