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Questions and Answers
Which layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite is responsible for transporting data in packets called datagrams?
Which layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite is responsible for transporting data in packets called datagrams?
The TCP/IP protocol suite defines specific protocols for both the physical and data link layers.
The TCP/IP protocol suite defines specific protocols for both the physical and data link layers.
False
What is the unit of communication at the transport layer in the TCP/IP model?
What is the unit of communication at the transport layer in the TCP/IP model?
segment, user datagram, or packet
The __________ layer in TCP/IP provides support for services such as electronic mail and file transfer.
The __________ layer in TCP/IP provides support for services such as electronic mail and file transfer.
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Match the following layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite with their primary function:
Match the following layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite with their primary function:
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What type of control does the session layer perform?
What type of control does the session layer perform?
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The presentation layer is responsible for establishing connections between applications.
The presentation layer is responsible for establishing connections between applications.
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What mode allows communication to occur in both directions at the same time?
What mode allows communication to occur in both directions at the same time?
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The application layer enables ______ to access the network.
The application layer enables ______ to access the network.
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Which of the following is not a function of the presentation layer?
Which of the following is not a function of the presentation layer?
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What is the purpose of adding checkpoints in the session layer?
What is the purpose of adding checkpoints in the session layer?
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What is the primary role of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)?
What is the primary role of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB)?
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The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) was responsible for managing internet domain names and addresses until 2000.
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) was responsible for managing internet domain names and addresses until 2000.
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Match the following functions with their respective layers:
Match the following functions with their respective layers:
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Data ______ reduces the number of bits contained in the information.
Data ______ reduces the number of bits contained in the information.
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What was the Internet Society (ISOC) formed to support?
What was the Internet Society (ISOC) formed to support?
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The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for identifying __________ problems and proposing solutions.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for identifying __________ problems and proposing solutions.
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Match the following organizations with their main focus:
Match the following organizations with their main focus:
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Which of the following components is NOT part of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)?
Which of the following components is NOT part of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)?
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The communication protocol is only necessary for simple communication between two entities.
The communication protocol is only necessary for simple communication between two entities.
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What is a Request for Comment (RFC)?
What is a Request for Comment (RFC)?
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What is the primary responsibility of the network layer?
What is the primary responsibility of the network layer?
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The transport layer recognizes relationships between packets.
The transport layer recognizes relationships between packets.
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What type of address must be included in the transport layer header?
What type of address must be included in the transport layer header?
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The ___ layer is responsible for controlling the flow of data between devices on the same link.
The ___ layer is responsible for controlling the flow of data between devices on the same link.
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the transport layer's connection control?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the transport layer's connection control?
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Match the functions with their respective layer:
Match the functions with their respective layer:
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Routers and switches in the network layer are responsible for routing packets.
Routers and switches in the network layer are responsible for routing packets.
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What is the process of dividing a message into segments called?
What is the process of dividing a message into segments called?
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What is the primary function of the physical layer in the OSI model?
What is the primary function of the physical layer in the OSI model?
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The data link layer is responsible for defining the type of encoding used in data transmission.
The data link layer is responsible for defining the type of encoding used in data transmission.
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What do we call the units of data that the data link layer creates from the stream of bits received from the network layer?
What do we call the units of data that the data link layer creates from the stream of bits received from the network layer?
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Which protocol became the official protocol for ARPANET in 1983?
Which protocol became the official protocol for ARPANET in 1983?
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The _____ layer adds mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames.
The _____ layer adds mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames.
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Match the following OSI model layers with their primary functions:
Match the following OSI model layers with their primary functions:
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An internetwork is defined as two or more networks that can communicate with each other.
An internetwork is defined as two or more networks that can communicate with each other.
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What is encapsulation in the context of the OSI model?
What is encapsulation in the context of the OSI model?
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Who invented the World Wide Web?
Who invented the World Wide Web?
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The Internet is composed of hundreds of thousands of interconnected _____ .
The Internet is composed of hundreds of thousands of interconnected _____ .
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Synchronization of clocks between the sender and receiver is important at the physical layer.
Synchronization of clocks between the sender and receiver is important at the physical layer.
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Match the following components with their functions:
Match the following components with their functions:
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What function does physical addressing serve in the data link layer?
What function does physical addressing serve in the data link layer?
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What technology supports data transmission between nodes?
What technology supports data transmission between nodes?
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ARPANET allowed communication between mainframe computers without any protocols.
ARPANET allowed communication between mainframe computers without any protocols.
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What are the two main functions of TCP in the TCP/IP suite?
What are the two main functions of TCP in the TCP/IP suite?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: DCCN-II
- Instructor: Vibhavi Attigala
- Contact hours: Wednesdays after 2:30 PM
- Email: [email protected]
- Phone: 0117 543 600
- Moodle key: dccn@oct
- Masters in Computer Science (Colombo)
- BSc in IT (SLIIT)
Delivery Plan (Per Week)
- Lectures: 2 hours
- Labs: 2 hours
- Tutorials: 1 hour
- Self-study: 2 hours per week
Learning Outcomes
- Recall: Basic networking concepts, processes of LAN and WAN operations
- Describe: TCP/IP operations, header functions (TCP, IP), IP addressing (Classful/Classless)
- Relate: Routing protocols, their functionalities, and algorithms with routing
- Describe: Behavior of layer 2 devices, functionalities
- Apply: Knowledge of networking concepts to Virtual LAN models
- Understand: Behavior of distance vector routing protocols and their functions
- Test: Knowledge of IP addressing, routing, and switching configurations (including VLANs)
Assessment Outline
- Continuous assessments (20%): LO1 to LO5
- Online exam 1 (10%): LO1 to LO5
- Online exam 2 (10%): LO5 to LO10
- End semester assessment (60%): LO1 to LO10
- Total: 100%
Module Outline
- Introduction & Overview of TCP/IP
- Client Server Application
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) (Part 1 & 2)
- Internet Protocol (IP) (TCP timers)
- IP Addressing (Part 1 & 2)
- Routing Algorithms
- Switching Basics
- Access Controls
- Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
- Virtual LAN (VLAN)
- Distance Vector Protocol
Reference Books
- Behrouz A. Forouzan, TCP/IP Protocol Suite
- Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communication and Networking
Today's Content
- The Internet
- Internet administration
- OSI seven layers
- TCP/IP protocol Suite
What is a Network
- A digital telecommunications network for sharing resources between computing devices.
- Data transmission between nodes is supported by physical cables (twisted pair, fiber-optic), wireless methods (Wi-Fi, microwave), or free-space optical communication.
A Network Allows to Access
- Resources (Learn, Communicate, Work)
The Internet
- An internet is two or more networks that communicate with each other.
- The Internet (uppercase I) is the most prominent example, comprised of hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks.
ARPANET Early Stages of Internet
- ARPANET (mid-1960s): mainframe computers were stand-alone
- Manufacturers' computers couldn't communicate
- ARPA developed Network Control Protocol (NCP) for communication between hosts
TCP/IP
- In 1983, TCP/IP became the official protocol for ARPANET.
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) handles higher-level functions (segmentation, reassembly, error detection).
- Internet Protocol (IP) handles datagram routing.
The Internet Today
- A hierarchical structure of interconnected wide and local area networks.
World Wide Web
- The 1990s saw a surge in internet applications due to the World Wide Web (WWW), invented at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee.
- WWW added commercial applications to the internet.
Protocols
- Protocols are sets of rules governing communication between people or devices.
- Key elements: syntax (structure/format of data), semantics (meaning of data), timing (when and how fast data is sent).
Syntax
- Data structure and format, implying the order in which the data is presented.
Semantics
- Data interpretation rules and corresponding actions.
Timing
- When data should be sent and its transmission speed.
Standards
- Essential for creating and maintaining an open competitive market and national/international interoperability of data/telecom technology and processes.
Internet Administration
- The internet, originally primarily for research, has expanded its user base and significant commercial activity
Standards Organizations
- International Standards Organization (ISO)
- International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications Standards Sector (ITU-T)
- American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Internet Standards
- A thoroughly tested specification adhered to by Internet users.
- An Internet draft is a working document with a six-month lifetime.
- Request for Comment (RFC) is a formal publication of a draft after review by authorities.
Internet Society (ISOC)
- An international non-profit organization formed in 1992 to support the Internet standards process.
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
- Technical advisor to ISOC, overseeing TCP/IP Protocol Suite development.
- Works through two main components:
- Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
- Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)
- Manages IETF working groups and defines operational problems/solutions.
Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG)
- Manages IETF research task force (long-term research topics).
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
- Managed Internet domain names and addresses until 1998.
OSI Model
- A protocol is required for communication between entities.
- Complex communication tasks divided into layers.
Example
- Communication between Maria (Spanish) and Ann (English) using signs and a bilingual dictionary.
Example: Ann's Move
- Using a Secret code; translators (for translation) and different communication channels (Post office).
OSI Model Layers:
- Layer 7 (Application): application services
- Layer 6 (Presentation): translation, encryption, compression
- Layer 5 (Session): establishment, management, termination
- Layer 4 (Transport): reliable process-to-process message delivery (e.g., TCP, UDP)
- Layer 3 (Network): source-to-destination delivery of packets (e.g., IP)
- Layer 2 (Data Link): reliable transmission across the link (data frames, error control, access control)
- Layer 1 (Physical): transmission of raw bits (e.g., signals, wires)
Data Encapsulation
- Packet at layer 7 is encapsulated into layer 6, layer 6 into layer 5, and so on.
Physical Layer
- Responsible for moving bits between nodes (e.g., signals, physical media specifications).
- Defines media types, encoding, bit duration, synchronization, topology, and transmission modes.
Data Link Layer
- Transforms raw transmission into a reliable link.
- Achieved by managing data frames, error control, and access control.
Network Layer
- Responsible for source to destination delivery.
- Addresses problems across different networks.
Transport Layer
- Process-to-process delivery of the entire message.
- Includes service-point addresses (port addresses)
- segmentation/reassembly, connection control (connectionless/connection-oriented), flow/error control
Session Layer
- Manages and synchronizes communication between systems. (dialog control, synchronization points)
Presentation Layer
- Syntax and semantics of exchanged information between systems. (translation, compression, encryption)
Application Layer
- User access to the network.
- Provides services like electronic mail, file transfer, and database management.
Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite
- A network connection allowing communication between a set of computers
TCP/IP Physical Layer
- Does not directly define protocols. Supports standard and proprietary ones.
- Communication happens between two hops (computers or routers).
TCP/IP Data Link Layer
- No specific protocols are defined.
- Supports standard and proprietary protocols.
- Communication between two hops (computers or routers)
- The unit of communication at this layer is a frame
TCP/IP Network Layer
- Internet Protocol (IP) is the core transmission mechanism.
- Transports data in datagrams (transported separately).
TCP/IP Transport Layer
- Unit of communication is segments, user datagrams, or packets.
TCP/IP Application Layer
- Combines session, presentation, and application layers of the OSI model.
- Facilitates services like email, file transfer, and web browsing.
Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP Models
- Summary of protocols in each layer of both models.
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Description
Test your knowledge on basic networking concepts and TCP/IP operations with this DCCN-II quiz. Dive into topics such as routing protocols, IP addressing, and the behavior of layer 2 devices. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding in a structured setting.
