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Questions and Answers
A database in Third Normal Form (3NF) is also in Second Normal Form (2NF).
True
Denormalization is a process of organizing data to minimize data redundancy and dependency.
False
In Entity-Relationship (ER) Modeling, attributes are associations between entities.
False
Physical Data Model represents the database structure and relationships, including storage and access methods.
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Data redundancy is a technique to ensure data consistency in a database.
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GIMP is a commercial raster graphics editor.
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GIMP supports multiple layers and layer blending modes.
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GIMP only supports JPEG and PNG file formats.
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GIMP's scripting and automation capabilities are limited to Python.
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GIMP's user interface is not customizable.
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Study Notes
Database Design
Normalization
- Process of organizing data to minimize data redundancy and dependency
- Normalization rules:
- First Normal Form (1NF): Each table cell must contain a single value
- Second Normal Form (2NF): Each non-key attribute in a table must depend on the entire primary key
- Third Normal Form (3NF): If a table is in 2NF, and a non-key attribute depends on another non-key attribute, then it should be moved to a separate table
Entity-Relationship (ER) Modeling
- Entities: Objects or concepts that have existence and can be distinct
- Attributes: Characteristics or features of entities
- Relationships: Associations between entities
- ER Diagrams: Visual representations of entities, attributes, and relationships
Database Schema Design
- Logical Design: Define the database structure and relationships between entities
- Physical Design: Define the storage and access methods for the database
- Schema: The overall structure of the database, including tables, relationships, and constraints
Data Modeling
- Conceptual Data Model: High-level representation of the database structure and relationships
- Logical Data Model: Detailed representation of the database structure and relationships
- Physical Data Model: Representation of the database structure and relationships, including storage and access methods
Database Normalization Rules
- Denormalization: Intentionally denormalizing a database for performance or scalability reasons
- Data redundancy: Storing the same data in multiple places, which can lead to data inconsistencies
- Data integrity: Ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of data in a database
Database Design
- Normalization: The process of organizing data to minimize data redundancy and dependency.
- Normalization rules:
First Normal Form (1NF)
- Each table cell must contain a single value.
Second Normal Form (2NF)
- Each non-key attribute in a table must depend on the entire primary key.
Third Normal Form (3NF)
- If a table is in 2NF, and a non-key attribute depends on another non-key attribute, then it should be moved to a separate table.
Entity-Relationship (ER) Modeling
- Entities: Objects or concepts that have existence and can be distinct.
- Attributes: Characteristics or features of entities.
- Relationships: Associations between entities.
- ER Diagrams: Visual representations of entities, attributes, and relationships.
Database Schema Design
- Logical Design: Defines the database structure and relationships between entities.
- Physical Design: Defines the storage and access methods for the database.
- Schema: The overall structure of the database, including tables, relationships, and constraints.
Data Modeling
- Conceptual Data Model: A high-level representation of the database structure and relationships.
- Logical Data Model: A detailed representation of the database structure and relationships.
- Physical Data Model: A representation of the database structure and relationships, including storage and access methods.
Database Normalization Rules
- Denormalization: Intentionally denormalizing a database for performance or scalability reasons.
- Data redundancy: Storing the same data in multiple places, which can lead to data inconsistencies.
- Data integrity: Ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of data in a database.
GIMP Overview
- GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a free and open-source raster graphics editor.
- GIMP is similar to Adobe Photoshop, but available at no cost.
Image Editing Features
- Selection Tools:
- Include rectangular and elliptical marquee tools
- Include lasso tool (freehand, polygon, and magnetic)
- Allow selecting by color, bevel, and fuzzy
- Image Enhancement:
- Allow adjustments for brightness, contrast, and color balance
- Support Curves and Levels editing
- Feature content-aware tools for removing objects or filling selections
- Layers and Masks:
- Support multiple layers and layer groups
- Allow layer blending modes and opacity control
- Feature masking tools for non-destructive editing
- Effects and Filters:
- Include built-in filters for blur, distort, and artistic effects
- Support plugins and scripts
- Allow creating custom filters and effects
Additional Features
- Support for Various File Formats:
- Support popular formats like JPEG, PNG, GIF, and more
- Allow importing and exporting files in various formats
- Scripting and Automation:
- Support scripting in languages like Python and Scheme
- Allow automating tasks using scripts and macros
User Interface and Customization
- Customizable Interface:
- Support custom themes and layout
- Allow rearranging and customizing toolbars and menus
- Single-Window Mode:
- Allow combining all images and tools in a single window
- Simplify workflow and reduce clutter
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Description
Test your understanding of database normalization rules, including 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF. Learn how to minimize data redundancy and dependency.
