Database Normalization

Process of organizing data to minimize data redundancy and dependency
Normalization rules:
1. First Normal Form (1NF): Each table cell must contain a single value
2. Second Normal Form (2NF): Each non-key attribute in a table must depend on the entire primary key
3. Third Normal Form (3NF): If a table is in 2NF, and a non-key attribute depends on another non-key attribute, then it should be moved to a separate table

Entities: Objects or concepts that have existence and can be distinct
Attributes: Characteristics or features of entities
Relationships: Associations between entities
ER Diagrams: Visual representations of entities, attributes, and relationships

Logical Design: Define the database structure and relationships between entities
Physical Design: Define the storage and access methods for the database
Schema: The overall structure of the database, including tables, relationships, and constraints

Conceptual Data Model: High-level representation of the database structure and relationships
Logical Data Model: Detailed representation of the database structure and relationships
Physical Data Model: Representation of the database structure and relationships, including storage and access methods

Denormalization: Intentionally denormalizing a database for performance or scalability reasons
Data redundancy: Storing the same data in multiple places, which can lead to data inconsistencies
Data integrity: Ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of data in a database

Normalization: The process of organizing data to minimize data redundancy and dependency.
Normalization rules:
First Normal Form (1NF)
- Each table cell must contain a single value.
Second Normal Form (2NF)
- Each non-key attribute in a table must depend on the entire primary key.
Third Normal Form (3NF)
- If a table is in 2NF, and a non-key attribute depends on another non-key attribute, then it should be moved to a separate table.

Entities: Objects or concepts that have existence and can be distinct.
Attributes: Characteristics or features of entities.
Relationships: Associations between entities.
ER Diagrams: Visual representations of entities, attributes, and relationships.

Logical Design: Defines the database structure and relationships between entities.
Physical Design: Defines the storage and access methods for the database.
Schema: The overall structure of the database, including tables, relationships, and constraints.

Conceptual Data Model: A high-level representation of the database structure and relationships.
Logical Data Model: A detailed representation of the database structure and relationships.
Physical Data Model: A representation of the database structure and relationships, including storage and access methods.

Denormalization: Intentionally denormalizing a database for performance or scalability reasons.
Data redundancy: Storing the same data in multiple places, which can lead to data inconsistencies.
Data integrity: Ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of data in a database.

GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a free and open-source raster graphics editor.
GIMP is similar to Adobe Photoshop, but available at no cost.

Selection Tools:
- Include rectangular and elliptical marquee tools
- Include lasso tool (freehand, polygon, and magnetic)
- Allow selecting by color, bevel, and fuzzy
Image Enhancement:
- Allow adjustments for brightness, contrast, and color balance
- Support Curves and Levels editing
- Feature content-aware tools for removing objects or filling selections
Layers and Masks:
- Support multiple layers and layer groups
- Allow layer blending modes and opacity control
- Feature masking tools for non-destructive editing
Effects and Filters:
- Include built-in filters for blur, distort, and artistic effects
- Support plugins and scripts
- Allow creating custom filters and effects

Support for Various File Formats:
- Support popular formats like JPEG, PNG, GIF, and more
- Allow importing and exporting files in various formats
Scripting and Automation:
- Support scripting in languages like Python and Scheme
- Allow automating tasks using scripts and macros

Customizable Interface:
- Support custom themes and layout
- Allow rearranging and customizing toolbars and menus
Single-Window Mode:
- Allow combining all images and tools in a single window
- Simplify workflow and reduce clutter