Database Design Principles and SQL

The process of organizing and structuring a database to meet an organization's needs by defining tables, columns, and relationships, ensuring data integrity and efficiency.

The purpose of database design is to meet an organization's information needs, provide an easy-to-understand data structure, and support processing requirements and performance goals.

The first step in database design is to identify and understand the data that needs to be stored, including the types of data, relationships between data elements, and data quality requirements.

The design phase involves creating a detailed blueprint of the database, defining tables, columns, data types, relationships, and constraints, ensuring the database meets the identified requirements.

A graphical representation of entities and their relationships in a database, used for planning and organizing information.

Also known as normalization, it's the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve efficiency, ensuring data integrity by avoiding data duplication.

The process of intentionally introducing some redundancy in a database to improve performance or simplify queries, sometimes sacrificing data integrity.

A structured query language used for managing and querying relational databases, enabling users to perform various operations like selecting, inserting, updating, and deleting data.

The phase where experts refine and structure tables into logical groups, considering subject matter and data relationships.

The process of creating and customizing physical database layouts to meet specific corporate needs and workloads.

The phase dedicated to establishing access control for various user groups with different roles and permissions within the database.

The phase where you analyze the needs and requirements of the organization for the database.

The phase where you translate the business requirements into a logical data model.

Data structures that form the foundation of a database, representing individual entities and their attributes.

They are essential for building and organizing databases by reducing data redundancy and inconsistencies.

Combines two or more text strings into a single text field. For example, joining 'first' and 'last' to create 'first last'.

The ampersand symbol (&) used in SQL to join text strings.

Double quotation marks (" ") used in SQL to add spaces between concatenated text strings. For example, " " between 'first' and 'last' produces 'first last'.

The 'Between' command in SQL used to retrieve a specific range of records from a database based on a chosen field.

The SQL command used to select data from a database table. It's followed by the specific field names you want to retrieve and the table name.

The SQL command used to specify the source of the data for the 'SELECT' command. It's followed by the name of the table or source file.

Within the 'SELECT' command, it defines conditions for extracting specific records. It's followed by the field, comparison operator, and the values you wish to filter.

The primary key field in a database table. It's unique for each record and used to identify and link records across different tables.

This phase involves translating the gathered information into a high-level description of what the database will handle. Experts design a model that defines the key entities, their attributes, and relationships, ensuring it meets the specific needs of the organization. This is like creating a blueprint for the database.

Building upon the conceptual design, this phase involves creating relationships between the different tables, files, or schemas. It involves deciding which tables will be master files and which will be transaction files, and mapping them according to their roles. This phase bridges the gap between conceptual design and the actual implementation of the database.

A master file acts as a central repository for storing core information. It's like a master list of all the ingredients in a recipe.

Transaction files store data that reflects changes or updates made to the master file. It's like a record of all the ingredients added or removed from a recipe.

ER models are diagrams that represent the entities in a database and their relationships. They are used to create a visual representation of the database structure. They are like visual recipes that guide the way data is organized.

A database schema is a detailed description of the structure of a specific database. It defines the tables, their columns, and the relationships between them. It's like the detailed instructions of a recipe.

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