Database Design and Optimization

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Questions and Answers

What is the unit of measurement for water absorption in a material?

  • Percentage in weight (correct)
  • Percentage in volume (correct)
  • Pounds per square inch
  • Grams per cubic meter

What type of materials are impervious to water?

  • Glass, steel, and bitumen (correct)
  • Fabric materials
  • Wooden materials
  • Ceramic materials

What is the formula to calculate water absorption in a material?

  • Ms = M / 2
  • Ms = M (correct)
  • Ms = M / (M - 1)
  • Ms = M + 2

What is the effect of thermal variation on a material?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is water permeability in a material?

<p>The capacity of a material to allow water to penetrate under pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern for solids in terms of thermal expansion?

<p>Change along a length (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence the water absorption of a material?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Ms in the context of water absorption?

<p>Mass of saturated material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a constrained body when its temperature increases?

<p>Internal stress is caused or increased (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for the mass of a material?

<p>Grams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the coefficients of thermal expansion for various material families?

<p>They vary significantly between material families (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum temperature to which a material can continuously work without deteriorating?

<p>The temperature above which it becomes unreliable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the coefficient of thermal expansion in designing materials for various applications?

<p>It is important for understanding the material's response to temperature changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of heat capacity?

<p>J/K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a material's temperature exceeding its maximum temperature limit?

<p>It becomes unreliable or deforms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of heat capacity as an extensive property?

<p>It is dependent on the size of the system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is heat capacity expressed as an intensive property?

<p>By dividing it by the amount of substance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a factor that influences heat capacity?

<p>Color of the material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of heat capacity in a non-steady state?

<p>The ability to transfer heat in a nonsteady state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is heat capacity a measure of?

<p>The ability of a material to allow heat to diffuse through it (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of material is heat capacity typically influenced by its structure?

<p>Crystalline material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between heat capacity and the size of the system?

<p>Heat capacity is directly proportional to the size of the system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of selecting materials in production?

<p>To select a material that is a compromise between different parameters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of materials that are selected based on a single parameter?

<p>They are often unsatisfactory for other parameters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a technical datasheet?

<p>To provide information about a material's properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is MATERIOTECA?

<p>A materials collection hosted by Politecnico di Milano (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conflict in selecting materials?

<p>Finding a material that fulfills one parameter vs. finding a material that fulfills all parameters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a materials collection?

<p>To facilitate the search and selection of materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Innovathèque?

<p>A online database of materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in selecting materials?

<p>Finding a compromise between different parameters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a reference material?

<p>To serve as a sample or catalogue of a material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of materials that are selected for buildings?

<p>They are selected based on a compromise between different parameters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is reflected, according to the given definitions?

<p>Reflectance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials are typically transparent?

<p>Glasses and amorphous ceramics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of light hitting a rough surface?

<p>Diffused reflection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of light that is reflected by metals?

<p>Specular reflection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials tend to absorb light?

<p>Metals and crystalline ceramics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of light hitting a smooth surface?

<p>Specular reflection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials exhibit transparency due to their amorphous structure?

<p>Glasses and amorphous ceramics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of light that is transmitted through a sample?

<p>Transmittance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of materials tend to be matt?

<p>Metals and most of ceramics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of light being absorbed by a material?

<p>Absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Water Absorption Unit

Percentage increase in weight after water absorption.

Impervious Materials

Materials that do not allow water to pass through.

Water Absorption Formula

Ms = M, no change in mass. Saturated material.

Effect of Thermal Variation

Materials can expand, contract, or undergo stress.

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Water Permeability

The ability of a material to let water penetrate under pressure.

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Thermal Expansion in Solids

Change primarily occurs along the length of the solid.

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Factors Influencing Water Absorption

Porosity, temperature, and material type.

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Significance of Ms

Mass of the material when fully saturated with water.

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Constrained Body Temperature Increase

Internal stress increases due to expansion.

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Unit of Measurement for Mass

The standard measurement for the mass of a substance.

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Coefficients of Thermal Expansion

Vary significantly between material families.

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Maximum Working Temperature

The temperature above which the material becomes unreliable.

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Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Significance

Important for designing materials to account for expansion or contraction.

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Unit of Heat Capacity

The measure of energy needed to raise the temperature of an object by 1 degree Kelvin

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Exceeding Maximum Temperature

It becomes unreliable or may deform permanently.

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Heat Capacity as Extensive Property

It increases with the size or amount of the system.

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Heat Capacity as Intensive Property

Dividing heat capacity by the amount of substance (e.g., per mole or per unit mass).

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Factors Influencing Heat Capacity

Color does not affect the heat capacity.

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Heat Capacity in a Non-Steady State

The heat capacity is not constant over time with ability to transfer.

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Measure of Heat Capacity

The ability of a material to store thermal energy.

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Crystalline Material Heat Capacity

Heat capacity can be influenced by its structure.

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Heat Capacity and System Size

Heat capacity is directly proportional to system size

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Aim of Selecting Materials

A compromise between different parameters.

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Single Parameter Selection

Often unsatisfactory for other parameters.

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Purpose of a Technical Datasheet

To provide information about a material's properties.

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What is MATERIOTECA?

A materials collection hosted by Politecnico di Milano.

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Conflict in Selecting Materials

Finding the right balance between all properties.

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Purpose of Materials Collection

To facilitate the search and selection of materials.

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What is Innovathèque?

A online database of materials.

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Challenge in Selecting Materials

Finding a compromise between different parameters.

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Study Notes

Material Selection

  • To minimize weight, materials with low density are preferred.
  • To minimize cost, materials with low production costs are preferred.

Material Properties

  • Water absorption is the ability of a material to absorb and retain water, expressed as a percentage in weight or volume of dry material.
  • Water permeability is the capacity of a material to allow water to penetrate under pressure.
  • Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, proportional to the size of the system, measured in J/K.
  • Thermal properties of materials are influenced by nature, structure, and temperature.

Thermal Properties

  • Heat capacity is the ability of a material to conduct heat in a non-steady state.
  • Thermal conductivity measures how well a material allows heat to diffuse through it.
  • Maximum temperature is the temperature to which a material can continuously work without deteriorating.
  • Temperature below which a material becomes fragile or unreliable varies for different material families.

Coefficients of Thermal Expansion

  • Several types of coefficients have been developed: volumetric, area, and linear.
  • For solids, the coefficient of thermal expansion is concerned with the change along a length or over some area.
  • Internal stress will be caused or increased by an increase in temperature if the body is constrained.

Optical Properties

  • Reflectance is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is reflected.
  • Absorbance is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is absorbed.
  • Transmittance is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is transmitted through a sample.
  • Amorphous materials can be transparent, while glasses and amorphous ceramics are transparent.
  • Metals and most ceramics are matt, while metals reflect light.

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