42 Questions
What is the unit of measurement for water absorption in a material?
Percentage in weight
What type of materials are impervious to water?
Glass, steel, and bitumen
What is the formula to calculate water absorption in a material?
Ms = M
What is the effect of thermal variation on a material?
All of the above
What is water permeability in a material?
The capacity of a material to allow water to penetrate under pressure
What is the primary concern for solids in terms of thermal expansion?
Change along a length
What factors influence the water absorption of a material?
All of the above
What is the significance of Ms in the context of water absorption?
Mass of saturated material
What happens to a constrained body when its temperature increases?
Internal stress is caused or increased
What is the unit of measurement for the mass of a material?
Grams
What is a characteristic of the coefficients of thermal expansion for various material families?
They vary significantly between material families
What is the maximum temperature to which a material can continuously work without deteriorating?
The temperature above which it becomes unreliable
What is the significance of the coefficient of thermal expansion in designing materials for various applications?
It is important for understanding the material's response to temperature changes
What is the unit of heat capacity?
J/K
What is the consequence of a material's temperature exceeding its maximum temperature limit?
It becomes unreliable or deforms
What is the primary characteristic of heat capacity as an extensive property?
It is dependent on the size of the system
How is heat capacity expressed as an intensive property?
By dividing it by the amount of substance
What is NOT a factor that influences heat capacity?
Color of the material
What is the definition of heat capacity in a non-steady state?
The ability to transfer heat in a nonsteady state
What is heat capacity a measure of?
The ability of a material to allow heat to diffuse through it
In what type of material is heat capacity typically influenced by its structure?
Crystalline material
What is the relationship between heat capacity and the size of the system?
Heat capacity is directly proportional to the size of the system
What is the primary aim of selecting materials in production?
To select a material that is a compromise between different parameters
What is the main characteristic of materials that are selected based on a single parameter?
They are often unsatisfactory for other parameters
What is the purpose of a technical datasheet?
To provide information about a material's properties
What is MATERIOTECA?
A materials collection hosted by Politecnico di Milano
What is the conflict in selecting materials?
Finding a material that fulfills one parameter vs. finding a material that fulfills all parameters
What is the purpose of a materials collection?
To facilitate the search and selection of materials
What is Innovathèque?
A online database of materials
What is the main challenge in selecting materials?
Finding a compromise between different parameters
What is the purpose of a reference material?
To serve as a sample or catalogue of a material
What is the main characteristic of materials that are selected for buildings?
They are selected based on a compromise between different parameters
What is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is reflected, according to the given definitions?
Reflectance
What type of materials are typically transparent?
Glasses and amorphous ceramics
What is the result of light hitting a rough surface?
Diffused reflection
What is the characteristic of light that is reflected by metals?
Specular reflection
What type of materials tend to absorb light?
Metals and crystalline ceramics
What is the result of light hitting a smooth surface?
Specular reflection
What type of materials exhibit transparency due to their amorphous structure?
Glasses and amorphous ceramics
What is the characteristic of light that is transmitted through a sample?
Transmittance
What type of materials tend to be matt?
Metals and most of ceramics
What is the result of light being absorbed by a material?
Absorption
Study Notes
Material Selection
- To minimize weight, materials with low density are preferred.
- To minimize cost, materials with low production costs are preferred.
Material Properties
- Water absorption is the ability of a material to absorb and retain water, expressed as a percentage in weight or volume of dry material.
- Water permeability is the capacity of a material to allow water to penetrate under pressure.
- Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, proportional to the size of the system, measured in J/K.
- Thermal properties of materials are influenced by nature, structure, and temperature.
Thermal Properties
- Heat capacity is the ability of a material to conduct heat in a non-steady state.
- Thermal conductivity measures how well a material allows heat to diffuse through it.
- Maximum temperature is the temperature to which a material can continuously work without deteriorating.
- Temperature below which a material becomes fragile or unreliable varies for different material families.
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion
- Several types of coefficients have been developed: volumetric, area, and linear.
- For solids, the coefficient of thermal expansion is concerned with the change along a length or over some area.
- Internal stress will be caused or increased by an increase in temperature if the body is constrained.
Optical Properties
- Reflectance is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is reflected.
- Absorbance is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is absorbed.
- Transmittance is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is transmitted through a sample.
- Amorphous materials can be transparent, while glasses and amorphous ceramics are transparent.
- Metals and most ceramics are matt, while metals reflect light.
This quiz covers database design principles and optimization techniques to minimize weight and cost. It includes technical datasheets and other related concepts.
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