246 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a type of data mentioned in the text?
Tactile
What are the three ways in which data can vary according to the text?
Scope, Format, Access
What is a database system also known as?
Database Management System
What does a query language refer to in the context of databases?
A language used to retrieve or change data in a database
Where are modern databases typically stored?
Computers
What does a database structure ensure?
All of the above
Which phase of the database design process specifies database requirements without regard to a specific database system?
Analysis
What is a link between entities called in a database design?
Relationship
What is a column used to identify individual rows of a table called in a logical design?
Key
Which phase of the database design process adds indexes and specifies how tables are organized on storage media?
Physical design
Which principle states that physical design never affects query results in a relational database?
Data independence
Which programming language is commonly combined with SQL to write database programs?
All of the above
Which component of a database system ensures transactions are properly executed and prevents conflicts between concurrent transactions?
Transaction manager
Which component of a database system contains a complete record of all inserts, updates, and deletes processed by the database?
Log
Which component of a database system is a directory of tables, columns, indexes, and other database objects?
Catalog
Which type of database system stores data in tables, columns, and rows, and supports the SQL query language?
Relational
Which term refers to a new generation of non-relational databases that originally meant 'does not support SQL'?
NoSQL
Which licensing model allows anyone to inspect, copy, and modify the software with no licensing fee?
Open source
Which of the following is true about the world database?
It is downloaded separately from MySQL.com.
What does MySQL Server do when an SQL statement is syntactically incorrect or cannot be executed?
It returns an error code and description.
What is MySQL Workbench?
A graphical user interface for interacting with MySQL Server.
How can a user connect to MySQL Server using MySQL Workbench?
By connecting to MySQL Server running on the local machine or network.
Which tables are included in the world database?
city, country, and countrylanguage
What is the purpose of MySQL Workbench?
To provide a graphical user interface for interacting with MySQL Server.
Which of the following is a responsibility of a database administrator?
Securing the database system against unauthorized users
What is a specialized challenge in database programming?
Balancing storage, response time, and support for data rules
What is a key requirement for large, complex databases shared by many users?
Data consistency with structural and business rules
What is the purpose of a transaction in a database system?
To ensure transactions are processed completely or not at all
What can happen if a transaction fails to process completely in a database system?
Partial results may be saved and the database may be left in an inconsistent state
What can happen if multiple transactions access the same data at the same time in a database system?
Conflicts may occur and data may become inconsistent
True or false: Data can only be produced as numbers or text.
False
True or false: Databases can be stored on paper or clay tablets.
True
True or false: A query language is a general-purpose programming language.
False
True or false: Database systems ensure data is secure, consistent, and available at all times.
True
True or false: A database administrator is responsible for managing and maintaining a database system.
True
True or false: Modern databases are typically stored on computers.
True
True or false: Query languages are commonly used by business users to interact with database systems.
False
True or false: Database designers prioritize storage, response time, and support for data governance rules when designing databases.
True
True or false: Database programming combines database query languages and general-purpose programming languages.
True
True or false: Database users can only access the database via applications and cannot submit queries directly to the database system.
False
True or false: Large, complex databases that are shared by many users require special considerations such as performance, authorization, security, rules, and recovery.
True
True or false: Transactions in a database system must be processed completely or not at all, prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions, and ensure that transaction results are never lost.
True
True or false: The physical design phase of database design specifies how tables are organized on storage media.
True
True or false: Logical design affects the query result in a relational database.
True
True or false: SQL is a standard relational query language that lacks important programming features.
True
True or false: The MySQL Command-Line Client is a text interface that allows developers to connect to the database server and execute SQL statements.
True
True or false: Data independence allows database designers to tune query performance without changes to application programs.
True
True or false: The MySQL Command-Line Client is usually installed with MySQL Server.
True
True or false: The query processor in a database system performs query optimization to ensure the most efficient instructions are executed on the data.
True
True or false: Relational database systems are ideal for databases that require an accurate record of every transaction, such as banking, airline reservation systems, and student records.
True
True or false: NoSQL originally meant 'does not support SQL'.
True
True or false: The SQL CREATE TABLE statement creates a new table by specifying the table and column names.
True
True or false: The SQL statement INSERT is used to retrieve data from a table.
False
True or false: The term NoSQL has come to mean 'not only SQL'.
True
True or false: MySQL Workbench is a graphical user interface that allows developers to execute SQL commands using an editor?
True
True or false: The world database is included with all installations of MySQL Server?
False
True or false: MySQL Server returns an error code and description when an SQL statement is syntactically incorrect or the database cannot execute the statement?
True
True or false: The city, country, and countrylanguage tables are included in the world database?
True
True or false: Users must download and install the world database separately from MySQL.com if it is not included in their installation of MySQL Server?
True
True or false: Some developers prefer to interact with MySQL Server via a command-line interface rather than using MySQL Workbench?
True
What are the three ways in which data can vary according to the text?
Scope, Format, Access
What is a database structure used for?
To store similar data in a standardized manner
What is a query language used for in the context of databases?
To retrieve or change data in a database
What is the purpose of a database system?
To ensure data is secure, internally consistent, and available at all times
Where are modern databases typically stored?
On computers
What is the role of a database management system (DBMS)?
To read and write data in a database
What are the four common queries in a database system?
Create, Read, Update, Delete data
What is the purpose of a transaction manager in a database system?
To ensure transactions are properly executed and prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions
What is the log in a database system used for?
To store a complete record of all inserts, updates, and deletes processed by the database
What is the catalog or data dictionary in a database system?
A directory of tables, columns, indexes, and other database objects
What does the term NoSQL originally mean?
'Does not support SQL'
What is the SQL statement used to modify data in a table?
UPDATE
What are the three phases of the database design process for large, complex databases?
Analysis, Logical design, Physical design
What is the purpose of the analysis phase in database design?
To specify database requirements without regard to a specific database system
What is the purpose of the logical design phase in database design?
To implement database requirements in a specific database system
What is the purpose of the physical design phase in database design?
To add indexes and specify how tables are organized on storage media
What is data independence in the context of database design?
The principle that physical design never affects query results
What is the purpose of an application programming interface (API) in database programming?
To link a host programming language to a database and handle details such as connecting to the database, executing queries, and returning results
What are the special requirements for large, complex databases that are shared by many users?
Performance, Authorization, Security, Rules, Recovery
What is the purpose of a transaction in a database system?
A transaction is a group of queries that must be either completed or rejected as a whole. It ensures that queries are processed completely or not at all, prevents conflicts between concurrent transactions, and ensures that transaction results are never lost.
What can happen if multiple transactions access the same data at the same time in a database system?
A conflict may occur, such as two users trying to access and modify the same data simultaneously, leading to inconsistent or incorrect data.
What is the role of a database administrator?
A database administrator is responsible for securing the database system against unauthorized users, enforcing procedures for user access and database system availability.
What is the role of a database designer?
A database designer determines the format of each data element and the overall database structure, balancing priorities such as storage, response time, and support for data governance rules.
What is the role of a database programmer?
A database programmer develops computer programs that utilize a database, writing applications that combine database query languages and general-purpose programming languages.
What is MySQL Workbench?
MySQL Workbench is a graphical user interface that allows developers to execute SQL commands using an editor.
What is a specialized challenge in database programming?
A specialized challenge in database programming is combining database query languages and general-purpose programming languages.
What is a key requirement for large, complex databases shared by many users?
A key requirement for large, complex databases shared by many users is ensuring transactions are properly executed and conflicts between concurrent transactions are prevented.
What does a database structure ensure?
A database structure ensures that physical design never affects query results in a relational database.
What are the three ways in which data can vary according to the text?
According to the text, data can vary in terms of accuracy, timeliness, and completeness.
What is a database system also known as?
A database system is also known as a database management system (DBMS).
Data is collected and processed to aid in a variety of tasks, such as forecasting weather, analyzing financial investments, and tracking the global spread of ______.
pandemics
Data may be produced as numbers, text, image, audio, or ______.
video
Some data sources are private while others are made ______ available.
publicly
A database is a collection of data in a ______ format.
structured
A database system, also known as a database management system or ______, is software that reads and writes data in a database.
DBMS
A query is a request to retrieve or change data in a ______.
database
Database systems maintain fast response times by structuring data properly on storage media and processing queries efficiently.
Performance
Database systems authorize individual users to access specific data.
Authorization
Database systems ensure authorized users only access permissible data.
Security
Database systems ensure data is consistent with structural and business rules.
Rules
Database systems must recover from failures and restore the database to a consistent state without loss of data.
Recovery
Database systems must ensure transactions are processed completely or not at all, prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions, and ensure that transaction results are never lost.
True
An entity is a person, place, activity, or ______.
thing
The analysis phase specifies database requirements without regard to a specific ______ system.
database
Tables, keys, and columns are specified in SQL with CREATE ______ statements.
TABLE
The physical design phase adds indexes and specifies how tables are organized on ______ media.
storage
An application programming interface, or ______, is a library of procedures or classes that links a host programming language to a database.
API
The MySQL Command-Line Client is a text interface included in the MySQL Server ______.
download
Common queries are sometimes referred to as CRUD operations, an acronym for Create, Read, Update, and ______ data.
Delete
The SQL CREATE TABLE statement creates a new table by specifying the table and column ______.
Names
A query is a command for a database that typically inserts new data, retrieves data, updates data, or ______ data from a database.
Deletes
NoSQL originally meant 'does not support SQL'. However, many NoSQL databases have added support for SQL, and 'NoSQL' has come to mean 'not only ______'.
SQL
The four common queries are sometimes referred to as CRUD operations, an acronym for ______, Read, Update, and Delete data.
Create
The term NoSQL refers to a new generation of non-relational databases. NoSQL originally meant 'does not support ______'.
SQL
Users can practice entering SQL statements that work with and manipulate the ______ database
world
Some installations do not include the ______ database, so users must download and install it separately from MySQL.com
world
MySQL Workbench is installed with MySQL Server and allows developers to execute SQL commands using an ______
editor
MySQL Workbench is started, the user can connect to MySQL Server running on the ______ machine or on the network
local
The MySQL Command-Line Client is a ______ interface that allows developers to connect to the database server and execute SQL statements
text
Some developers prefer to interact with MySQL Server via a ______ interface rather than using MySQL Workbench
command-line
Match the following components of a database system with their descriptions:
Query Processor = Interprets queries, creates a plan to modify the database or retrieve data, and performs query optimization Storage Manager = Translates the query processor instructions into low-level file-system commands that modify or retrieve data Transaction Manager = Ensures transactions are properly executed and restores the database to a consistent state in the event of a transaction or system failure Catalog = A directory of tables, columns, indexes, and other database objects used to process and execute queries
Match the following SQL statements with their functions:
INSERT = Inserts rows into a table SELECT = Retrieves data from a table UPDATE = Modifies data in a table DELETE = Deletes rows from a table
Match the following data types with their descriptions:
INT = Stores integer values DECIMAL = Stores fractional numeric values VARCHAR = Stores textual values DATE = Stores year, month, and day
Match the following databases with their type and licensing model:
Oracle Database = Relational, Commercial MySQL = Relational, Open Source SQL Server = Relational, Commercial MongoDB = NoSQL, Open Source
Match the following acronyms with their full forms in the context of database systems:
CRUD = Create, Read, Update, and Delete SQL = Structured Query Language NoSQL = 'Not only SQL' DBMS = Database Management System
Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of databases:
Big Data = Massive volumes of online data, often with poorly structured or missing information Open Source = Software that anyone can inspect, copy, and modify with no licensing fee Query Language = A computer programming language for writing database queries Relational Database = A database that stores data in tables, columns, and rows, similar to a spreadsheet
Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of database design and programming:
VARCHAR(10) = A data type that indicates ten characters DECIMAL(10, 3) = A data type that indicates ten significant digits, including three after the decimal point ER Diagram = A diagram in which rectangles represent entities, lines between rectangles represent relationships, and text inside rectangles represent attributes Data Independence = The principle that physical design never affects query results and allows database designers to tune query performance without changes to application programs
Match the following phases of the database design process with their descriptions:
Analysis Phase = This phase specifies database requirements without regard to a specific database system and requirements are represented as entities, relationships, and attributes Logical Design Phase = This phase implements database requirements in a specific database system and converts entities, relationships, and attributes into tables, keys, and columns Physical Design Phase = This phase adds indexes and specifies how tables are organized on storage media
Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of database programming:
API = A library of procedures or classes that links a host programming language to a database SQL = The standard relational query language that lacks important programming features and is usually combined with a general-purpose programming language JDBC = A library of Java classes that access relational databases
Match the following terms with their definitions in the context of MySQL:
MySQL Command-Line Client = A text interface included in the MySQL Server download that allows developers to connect to the database server, perform administrative functions, and execute SQL statements 'world' database = A database that is usually installed with MySQL and can be used to execute SQL commands
Match the following terms with their impacts on queries in relational databases:
Logical Design = Affects the query result Physical Design = Affects query processing speed but never affects the query result
Match the following terms with their synonyms in the context of database design:
Analysis = Conceptual Design Data Independence = Information Independence
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Data = Numeric, textual, visual, or audio information that describes real-world systems Database = A collection of data in a structured format Database system = Software that reads and writes data in a database Query = A request to retrieve or change data in a database
Match the variations in data with their examples:
Scope = A small business might track an inventory of a few thousand items, but a large commerce website might track billions of items. Format = A phone's proximity sensor generates raw numbers, and a satellite captures images. Access = A retail company may use private customer data to discover purchasing behavior patterns, but a government may be required by law to share certain data sets.
Match the following database-related terms with their definitions:
Query = A request to retrieve or change data in a database Database system = Also known as a database management system or DBMS, it ensures data is secure, internally consistent, and available at all times. Query language = A specialized programming language, designed specifically for database systems
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Database = A collection of data in a structured format DBMS = Software that reads and writes data in a database Query = A request to retrieve or change data in a database Query Language = A specialized programming language, designed specifically for database systems
Match the following data characteristics with their descriptions:
Scope = The amount of data produced and collected can vary Format = Data may be produced as numbers, text, image, audio, or video Access = Some data sources are private while others are made publicly available
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Data = Numeric, textual, visual, or audio information that describes real-world systems Database = A collection of data in a structured format DBMS = A software that reads and writes data in a database Query = A request to retrieve or change data in a database
Match the following components of MySQL with their definitions:
MySQL Server = Returns an error code and description when an SQL statement is incorrect or unexecutable MySQL Workbench = Installed with MySQL Server and allows developers to execute SQL commands using an editor World database = A database that contains three tables: city, country, and countrylanguage MySQL Command-Line Client = A text interface included with MySQL Server
Match the following SQL components with their descriptions:
City = A table in the world database Country = A table in the world database CountryLanguage = A table in the world database World database = A database that can be downloaded from MySQL.com
Match the following MySQL components with their uses:
MySQL Server = Returns error codes and descriptions for incorrect or unexecutable SQL statements MySQL Workbench = Provides a graphical user interface to interact with MySQL Server World database = Used for practicing SQL statements MySQL Command-Line Client = A text interface for MySQL Server
Match the following terms with their definitions:
MySQL Server = Returns error codes for incorrect or unexecutable SQL statements MySQL Workbench = A graphical user interface for MySQL Server World database = A database that contains the city, country, and countrylanguage tables MySQL.com = The website where the world database can be downloaded
Match the following MySQL components with their descriptions:
MySQL Server = Can return error codes and descriptions for incorrect SQL statements MySQL Workbench = Allows developers to execute SQL commands using an editor World database = Contains the city, country, and countrylanguage tables MySQL Command-Line Client = A text interface for MySQL Server included in the installation
Match the following MySQL components with their functionalities:
MySQL Server = Returns error codes and descriptions when SQL statements are incorrect or unexecutable MySQL Workbench = Allows developers to interact with MySQL Server via a graphical user interface World database = A database for practicing SQL statements MySQL Command-Line Client = A text interface included in the MySQL Server
Match the following roles with their descriptions in the context of databases:
Database Administrator = Responsible for securing the database system against unauthorized users Database Designer = Determines the format of each data element and the overall database structure Database Programmer = Develops computer programs that utilize a database Database User = A consumer of data in a database
Match the following requirements for large, complex databases with their descriptions:
Performance = Maintaining fast response times by structuring data properly on storage media and processing queries efficiently Authorization = Authorizing individual users to access specific data Security = Ensuring authorized users only access permissible data and protecting against hackers by encrypting data and restricting access Rules = Ensuring data is consistent with structural and business rules
Match the following transaction requirements in a database system with their descriptions:
Ensuring transactions are processed completely or not at all = Restoring the database to the values prior to the transaction in case of failure during processing Preventing conflicts between concurrent transactions = Avoiding conflicts when multiple transactions access the same data at the same time Ensuring transaction results are never lost = Saving transaction results on storage media, regardless of application or computer failures
Match the following with their descriptions in the context of database systems:
Query languages = Read and write data efficiently Database application = Software that helps business users interact with database systems Database systems = Ensure authorized users only access permissible data, protect against hackers, and maintain fast response times
Match the following database failure scenarios with their solutions:
Failure while processing a transaction = The database system must reverse partial results and restore the database to the values prior to the transaction Conflict between concurrent transactions = Database systems must prevent conflicts when multiple transactions access the same data at the same time Loss of transaction results due to application or computer failures = Transaction results must always be saved on storage media
Match the following with their roles in a database system:
Database Administrator = Enforces procedures for user access and database system availability Database Designer = Balances priorities including storage, response time, and support for rules that govern the data Database Programmer = Writes applications that combine database query languages and general-purpose programming languages Database User = Requests, updates, or uses stored data to generate reports or information
Match the following roles with their responsibilities in a database environment:
Database Administrator = Responsible for securing the database system against unauthorized users and enforcing procedures for user access Database Designer = Determines the format of each data element and the overall database structure Database Programmer = Develops computer programs that utilize a database Database User = Consumer of data in a database
Match the following requirements of large, complex databases with their explanations:
Performance = Maintain fast response times by structuring data properly on storage media and processing queries efficiently Authorization = Authorize individual users to access specific data Security = Ensure authorized users only access permissible data, protect against hackers by encrypting data and restricting access Rules = Ensure data is consistent with structural and business rules
Match the following database transaction requirements with their descriptions:
Ensure transactions are processed completely or not at all = A computer or application might fail while processing a transaction, database system must reverse partial results and restore the database to the values prior to the transaction Prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions = When multiple transactions access the same data at the same time, a conflict may occur Ensure transaction results are never lost = Once a transaction completes, transaction results must always be saved on storage media, regardless of application or computer failures
Match the following database system characteristics with their descriptions:
Performance = Fast response times by structuring data properly on storage media and processing queries efficiently Authorization = Limiting access of specific users to specific tables, columns, or rows of a database Security = Protection against unauthorized access and data encryption Recovery = Restoration of database to a consistent state without loss of data after a failure
Match the following roles with their responsibilities in a database system:
Database administrator = Securing the database system against unauthorized users Database designer = Determining the format of each data element and the overall database structure Database programmer = Developing computer programs that utilize a database Database user = Consuming data in a database
Match the following requirements for large and complex databases with their descriptions:
Performance = Maintaining fast response times by structuring data on storage media and processing queries efficiently Authorization = Granting individual users access to specific data Security = Ensuring data is accessed by authorized users only and protecting against hackers Rules = Ensuring data is consistent with structural and business rules
Which of the following is NOT a sublanguage of SQL?
Data Storage Language (DSL)
Which SQL statement is used to create a new database?
CREATE DATABASE
Which SQL statement is used to delete a database, including all tables in the database?
DROP DATABASE
Which SQL statement is used to select all columns from a table?
SELECT *
Which clause in a SELECT statement specifies a condition for selecting rows?
WHERE clause
What does the NOT NULL constraint prevent in a column?
Inserting NULL values
Which statement modifies existing rows in a table?
UPDATE statement
What is a primary key used for in a table?
To identify a row
Which data type can store larger numbers than the signed version of the same data type?
BIGINT
Which operator computes the integer remainder when one numeric value is divided by another?
%
Which data type is a fixed-length string of length N, where 0 ≤ N ≤ 255?
CHAR(N)
Which logical operator returns TRUE only when both values are TRUE?
AND
Which data structure organizes data in tables, with each table having a name, a fixed tuple of columns, and a varying set of rows?
Relational Table
What is a set in the context of the relational data structure?
An unordered collection of elements enclosed in braces
Which of the following is a synonym for a table in the relational data structure?
Relation
What is the purpose of relational operations in the context of the relational data structure?
To perform set operations on tables
Which statement is true about tables in a database system?
A table must have at least one column and any number of rows.
What is the purpose of the CREATE TABLE statement in a database system?
To create a new table by specifying the table name, column names, and column data types.
Which data type category represents numbers with fractional values?
Decimal data types
What is the purpose of the ALTER TABLE statement in a database system?
To add, delete, or modify columns on an existing table.
Which keyword follows the column's data type in a CREATE TABLE statement to define an auto-increment column?
AUTO_INCREMENT
What is the purpose of a foreign key in a database?
To refer to a primary key
Which action is automatically taken by the database when a primary key is updated and CASCADE is specified in the ON UPDATE clause of a FOREIGN KEY constraint?
Matching foreign keys are updated to the same value
What happens when a foreign key insert violates referential integrity and RESTRICT is specified in the ON INSERT clause of a FOREIGN KEY constraint?
The insert is rejected
Which type of constraint ensures that values in a column, or group of columns, are unique?
PRIMARY KEY
Where can the UNIQUE constraint be applied?
Both in the column declaration and a separate clause
What does the CHECK constraint specify?
An expression on one or more columns of a table
When is the CHECK constraint violated?
When the expression is FALSE
Where can column constraints appear in a CREATE TABLE statement?
After the column name and data type
Where can table constraints appear in a CREATE TABLE statement?
In a separate clause
True or false: A database model consists of data structures, operations, and rules?
True
True or false: The hierarchical database model was developed in the 1970s?
False
True or false: The relational data structure organizes data in tables, columns, and rows?
True
True or false: Relational operations in database systems are based on set theory?
True
A signed number may be negative.
True
An unsigned number cannot be negative.
True
True or false: A table must have at least one column but can have any number of rows.
True
True or false: Duplicate column names are allowed in the same table.
False
Data types vary in storage requirements.
True
True or false: Rows in a table are ordered.
False
Character data types use one or two bytes per character.
True
True or false: The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns on an existing table.
True
True or false: SELECT is used to eliminate one or more columns of a table.
False
True or false: JOIN combines two tables by comparing related columns.
True
True or false: Aggregate computes functions over multiple table rows, such as sum and count.
True
True or false: SQL is the standard language for non-relational databases.
True
The AUTO_INCREMENT keyword follows the column's data type in a CREATE TABLE statement.
True
MySQL allows insertion of a specific value to an auto-increment column.
True
Foreign key values may be repeated and may be NULL.
True
Referential integrity requires foreign key values to either be NULL or match some value of the referenced primary key.
True
True or false: A SELECT statement always requires a WHERE clause to specify a condition for selecting rows.
False
True or false: The NOT NULL constraint prevents a column from having a NULL value.
True
True or false: The UPDATE statement modifies existing rows in a table, and the DELETE statement deletes existing rows in a table.
True
True or false: Composite primary keys are denoted with parentheses, and must be unique and not NULL.
True
The UNIQUE constraint can only be applied to a single column in a table.
False
The CHECK constraint is violated when the expression is TRUE and satisfied when the expression is FALSE or NULL.
False
Column constraints can only govern values in a single column.
True
Table constraints appear after the column name and data type in a CREATE TABLE statement.
False
The UNIQUE constraint can be applied to a group of columns in a table.
True
The CHECK constraint specifies an expression on one or more columns of a table.
True
SELECT ______ FROM City WHERE Population > 1000
Name
CREATE ______ DatabaseName creates a new database.
DATABASE
DROP ______ DatabaseName deletes a database, including all tables in the database.
DATABASE
USE ______ selects a default database for use in subsequent SQL statements.
DatabaseName
Arithmetic operators compute ______ values from numeric operands.
numeric
The logical operator NOT is ______.
unary
The SELECT statement selects rows from a ______.
table
The SQL CREATE TABLE statement creates a new table by specifying the table and ______ ______.
column names
An ALTER TABLE statement adds, deletes, or modifies ______ on an existing table.
columns
A data type is a named set of values from which column values are ______.
drawn
A table must have at least one ______ but any number of rows.
column
The CREATE TABLE statement creates a new table by specifying the table name, column names, and column ______.
data types
An optional WHERE clause specifies which rows are ______
updated
The INSERT statement adds rows to a ______.
table
The primary key is usually the table's first column and appears on the left of table diagrams, but the position is not significant to the ______.
database
A composite primary key consists of ______ columns.
multiple
NOT NULL is a ______ constraint.
column
FOREIGN KEY is a ______ constraint.
table
UNIQUE is a ______ constraint that ensures values in a column, or group of columns, are unique.
table
CHECK is a ______ constraint that specifies an expression on one or more columns of a table.
table
Column constraints govern values in a ______ column.
single
When applied to a group of columns, UNIQUE is a ______ constraint and must appear in a separate clause.
table
Database models provide a conceptual framework for database systems, with three parts: ⦁ Data structures that prescribe how data is organized. ⦁ Operations that manipulate data structures. ⦁ Rules that govern valid data.
The primary data structure of the relational data model is a ______ which is an unordered collection of elements enclosed in braces.
set
The data structure organizes data in ______: ⦁ A table has a name, a fixed tuple of columns, and a varying set of rows. ⦁ A column has a name and a data type. ⦁ A row is an unnamed tuple of values. Each value corresponds to a column and belongs to the column's data type. ⦁ A data type is a named set of values, from which column values are drawn. Since a table is a set of rows, the rows have no inherent order.
tables
Like the relational data structure, relational operations are based on ______ theory.
set
The AUTO_INCREMENT keyword defines an ______ column.
auto-increment
Referential integrity requires foreign key values must either be ______ or match some value of the referenced primary key.
NULL
When a foreign key constraint is specified, the database rejects insert, update, and delete statements that violate ______.
referential integrity
RESTRICT, SET NULL, and SET DEFAULT apply to primary key update and delete, and foreign key insert and ______.
update
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