Database Applications and DBMS

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Questions and Answers

How do database systems facilitate banking transactions?

Database systems store customer information, account details, loan information, and transaction records, enabling efficient and accurate management of banking operations.

In what ways do universities utilize database applications?

Universities use databases to manage student information, course registrations, and grades, streamlining administrative tasks and academic record-keeping.

How do sales organizations leverage database systems?

Sales organizations use database systems to store and manage customer, product, and purchase information, which helps in tracking sales, managing inventory, and improving customer relationship management.

What role do databases play in airline operations?

<p>Airlines use databases to manage reservations and schedule information, ensuring efficient booking and flight management processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are credit card transactions managed using database systems?

<p>Database systems record credit card purchases and generate monthly statements, providing a detailed 'printed record of account activity'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the use of databases in human resources management.

<p>Databases store employee information, salaries, payroll taxes, and benefits, and are used to generate paychecks, streamlining HR processes and ensuring accurate record-keeping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do telecommunication companies benefit from database systems?

<p>Telecommunication firms use databases to keep records of calls made, issue monthly bills, maintain balances on prepaid calling cards, and store information about the communication network, enabling effective network and billing management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways do finance companies use database systems?

<p>Finance companies use databases to store information about sales and purchases of financial instruments such as stocks and bonds, which helps in tracking investments and managing financial transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is database technology applied in manufacturing industries?

<p>Manufacturing companies use databases for supply chain management and tracking production of items in factories, managing inventories in warehouses, and processing orders, thus enhancing operational efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components of a Database Management System (DBMS)?

<p>A DBMS consists of a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access that data. The data, often referred to as the database, contains enterprise information, and the programs enable users to create and maintain the database.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List four examples of Database Management Systems.

<p>MS Access, MySQL (Open Source), SQL-Server (Microsoft), and Oracle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a query in a database system?

<p>A query is an interaction with the database used for retrieving or manipulating data. Application programs use queries to access the database via the DBMS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the scope of a 'database system'.

<p>A database system encompasses the database itself, the DBMS software, and the application programs that interact with the DBMS to manage and access the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activities are involved in constructing a database for a university, as described in the example?

<p>Constructing the database involves storing data that represents each student, course, section, grade report, and prerequisite as a record in the appropriate file.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what is meant by the 'self-describing nature' of a database.

<p>The 'self-describing nature' of a database means that the database system contains not only the database itself but also a complete definition or description of the database structure and constraints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is data abstraction?

<p>Data abstraction allows program data independence and program operation independence, enabling programmers to work with data without needing all the details of its underlying structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of 'multiple views of the data' in a database.

<p>Multiple views of the data mean that different users can see the data in different ways, tailored to their specific needs. Some users may see a transcript, while others require information about course prerequisites only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what is meant by 'Sharing of Data and Multiuser Transaction Processing'.

<p>Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing allows multiple users to access and modify the same data concurrently. Concurrency control mechanisms are used to manage transactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transaction in the context of databases?

<p>A transaction is an executing program or process that includes one or more database accesses, such as reading or updating database records.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List four roles of people involved around a database system.

<p>Database Administrators, Database Designers, End Users and Application Programmers (Software Engineers)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key responsibilities of Database Administrators?

<p>Database Administrators are responsible for managing user accounts, hardware resources, setting up backups, and the overall maintenance of the database, as well as providing access and security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of Database Designers.

<p>Database Designers conceptually design and implement the database, analyze requirements, gather information about the application field, develop a conceptual schema, and choose the DBMS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the role of End Users in the context of database systems.

<p>End Users are the people who use the database to perform tasks, typically having little technical knowledge about the system’s internal workings. They use the database to obtain information and make updates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of Application Programmers in a database environment.

<p>Application Programmers write programs that use the database, including those that create a graphical user interface (GUI) for the database.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are 'DBMS system designers and implementers' and what do they do?

<p>They design and implement the DBMS modules and interfaces as a software package, creating the underlying system upon which databases are built.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of Tool Developers in the context of database systems.

<p>Tool developers design and implement the software packages that facilitate database modeling and design, database system design, and improved performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the responsibilities of 'Operators and maintenance personnel' in a database system?

<p>Operators and maintenance personnel are responsible for the actual running and maintenance of the hardware and software environment for the database system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how a DBMS 'controls redundancy'.

<p>A DBMS controls redundancy by storing data centrally and managing duplication, reducing the amount of repeated data across the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do DBMS systems provide multiple-user interfaces?

<p>DBMS systems provide multiple-user interfaces by allowing different users to access the database through various applications and tools, each tailored to their specific needs and roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of 'enforcing integrity constraints' in DBMS.

<p>Enforcing integrity constraints means that the DBMS ensures that the data in the database complies with specified rules, such as data types, ranges, or uniqueness, preventing invalid data from being entered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages of using file systems?

<p>File systems are preferred when the database is simple, the actions on the data are simple, and there is no multi-user environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to data inconsistency in file systems?

<p>In file systems, data redundancy leads to higher storage and access costs and also results in data inconsistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the problem of difficulty in accessing data in file systems.

<p>File systems do not allow needed data to be retrieved in a convenient and efficient manner because data is not easily searchable or linked, especially when complex criteria are involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the issue of 'Data Isolation' in file systems.

<p>Data isolation occurs because data is scattered in various files, and files may be in different formats, making it difficult to write new application programs to retrieve the needed data effeciently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problems can occur when transferring money between accounts in a file system without adequate consistency checks?

<p>Problems include the possibility of money being removed from one account but not added to another due to system failure during the transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concurrent access exception problem in file systems.

<p>Concurrent access can lead to inconsistent data if multiple users attempt to modify the same piece of data simultaneously, potentially overwriting each other's changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the security risks of using file systems?

<p>There is no built-in mechanism for giving certain privileges to certain users, and there are no mechanisms for user authorization and encryption in file processing, which can be a major security risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to retrieve the names of all employees who live in Kabul and have a salary higher than the average salary using a file system?

<p>It is difficult because it requires linking data stored across several isolated files, and file systems lack capabilities for sorting, searching, and linking the data to answer complex queries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the redundancy of data that exists with file systems lead can be made?

<p>When data updates are not synchronized across isolated files, it leads to redundancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How database systems can be useful in a multi-user environment?

<p>Database Systems provide mechanisms to control multiuser access through security settings and the concept of 'Transactions'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a DBMS?

A collection of interrelated data and programs to access that data.

Database Applications

Banking, universities, sales, airlines, credit card transactions, HR, telecommunications, finance, manufacturing.

Database System

The database, DBMS software, and the application program working together.

Defining the database

Specifying the structure of records; defining data types of elements.

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Constructing the database

Storing data to represent students, courses, and grades as records.

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Manipulating the database

Querying and updating information within the database.

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Self-describing database

A complete definition/description of the database structure and constraints within the system.

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Data Abstraction

Allows programs to be independent from data storage/operations changes.

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Multiple Views of data

Offers different perspectives/views of data, tailored to specific user needs.

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Transaction

An executing program/process including database accesses like reading or updating records.

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Concurrency control

Ensuring the data stay consistent when multiple transactions happen at once.

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Database Administrators

Responsible for hardware resources, user accounts, security backups, etc.

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Database Designers

Conceptually design & implement the database; analyze requirements; choose DBMS.

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End Users

People who use the database, typically with little technical knowledge.

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Application Programmers

Write programs that use the database, often creating GUIs.

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DBMS system designers

DBMS designers create the software package's modules and interfaces.

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Tool developers

Design and implement things that improve database modelling, design, and performance.

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Operators

People who keep the hardware and software running smoothly.

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Data Redundancy

A database where multiple instances of the same data exist, which increases storage.

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Data Inconsistency

Data values are not consistent across different systems.

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Concurrent Access anomaly

Occurs when simultaneous reads and writes to the database end up being in incorrect states.

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DBMS Drawbacks

Expensive and complex to install, setup and administer.

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Study Notes

Database Applications

  • Databases are utilized in banking for managing customer information, accounts, loans, and transactions
  • Universities use databases for student data, course registrations, and grades
  • Sales departments utilize databases for tracking customer, product, and purchase details
  • Airlines use databases for reservations and schedule management
  • Credit card companies use databases for transaction records and monthly statement generation
  • Human resources departments use databases for employee information, payroll, and benefits
  • Telecommunication companies use databases for call records, billing, and network information
  • Financial institutions use databases to store data on sales and purchases of financial instruments
  • Manufacturing businesses use databases for supply chain management, production tracking, and inventory control

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

  • A DBMS is a collection of interrelated data and programs that enable access to this data
  • The database, often is the collection of data, contains information about an enterprise
  • A DBMS is a set of programs for creating and maintaining databases

Common DBMS Software

  • MS Access
  • MySQL (Open Source)
  • SQL-Server (Microsoft)
  • Oracle
  • PostgreSQL
  • FoxPro
  • SQLite

Application Program / Database System

  • Application programs access the database by sending queries/requests to the DBMS
  • A query represents an interaction with the database, such as retrieving or manipulating data
  • A database system is the combination of the database, DBMS software, and the application program

Example of a University Database System

  • Defining the structure of each file by specifying different types of data elements for records
  • Constructing the database to store data for students, courses, sections, grade reports, and prerequisites
  • Manipulating the database involves querying and updating data

Characteristics of a Database

  • Self-describing nature: the database system encompasses the database itself along with definitions/descriptions of the database structure and constraints
  • Data abstraction: provides program-data independence and program-operation independence
  • Multiple views of data: users may not need to know if referenced data is stored or derived

Sharing and Transactions

  • Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing is a key feature
  • Concurrency control manages transactions
  • A transaction is an executing program/process that includes one or more database accesses, such as reading or updating records

Actors on the Scene

  • Database Administrators: Responsible for managing the database, user accounts, hardware, and backups post-implementation
  • Database Designers: Conceptually design, implement, and analyze database requirements
  • End Users: Individuals who utilize the database upon its completion
  • Application Programmers: Develop programs that use the database, creating graphical user interfaces (GUI)

Workers Behind the Scenes

  • DBMS system designers & implementers are responsible for the design and implementation of database modules and interfaces as a software package
  • Tool developers create software packages that facilitate DB modeling/design & improve performance
  • Operators monitor the database environment

Advantages of Using a DBMS

  • Controlling redundancy
  • Providing storage structures and efficient search techniques
  • Providing backup and recovery mechanisms
  • Providing multiple user interfaces
  • Representing complex relationships among data
  • Enforcing integrity constraints
  • Permitting inference and the use of rules

Why Not Use Plain Files?

  • A savings-bank enterprise stores information about customers and savings accounts
  • Separate application programs are necessary for file manipulation like debiting/crediting, adding accounts, finding balances, and generating monthly statements

Advantages of Using File Systems

  • Suitable only:
    • The database is simple
    • The actions on data are simple
    • No multi-user environment is needed
  • An example is a private address book, stored even on paper

Disadvantages of Using File Systems

  • Data redundancy and inconsistency because the same data is duplicated in multiple files, thus leading to higher storage costs.
  • Difficulty in accessing data, because when a request is outside expected parameters it becomes difficult/impossible
  • Data isolation exists, meaning data is scattered in various formats, making it difficult to retrieve
  • Programs to transfer funds are constrained by what happens in cases of system failure.
  • Concurrent access exception means uncontrolled access can have undesirable results.

Database Systems vs. File Systems

Advantages of Database Systems

  • Fast, complex queries
  • Redundancy control and consistency control
  • Support of multi-user environment
  • No multi-user access
  • Prevention of data loss through recovery components for backup and restoration
  • Security with authorization and encryption

Disadvantages of Database Systems

  • Complex and expensive software and hardware
  • Need for skilled professionals and user training
  • High start-up costs

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