Data vs Information

• ICT is now focused on disruptive changes and innovation
• It is centered more around data, especially Big Data
• Big Data refers to massive amounts of data that are impossibly to store and consume

Data vs Information

• Data are raw facts or observations with little to no value until processed
• Information is data that has been processed to be meaningful
• Information is data processed for a purpose
• Information is data interpreted and understood by the recipient

Data

• Data consists of a series of non-random symbols, numbers, values, or words
• The information consists of facts obtained by observation or research and recorded
• It is a collection of non-random facts
• Examples include Today's Date, and Records of a business transaction like a website visit

Information:

• Examples include a sales forecast and a telephone directory
• ICT stands for information and communication technology
• Information allows a business to make informed decisions by clearly presenting data
• Business communication is the exchange of information between employees and external parties
• Information and communication within a business can be facilitated by optimized Technology systems

Systems Theory

• A system is defined as a collection of interrelated components that work together towards a collective goal
• The function of a system is to receive inputs and transform them into outputs

ICT's Business Goal

• The primary objective is to optimize revenues
• Information systems enable 21st-century businesses
• Most information systems deliver data stored in databases
• Computers are essential for data collection, storage, retrieval, processing, and output

Key Features of Information Systems:

• Store and Analyse Information
• Simplify Business Processes
• Facilitate Decision-Making
• Access to Full Data Control

Systems Characteristics 3

• Large systems are composed of one or more smaller systems (subsystems)
• A larger system made up of one or more subsystems is a suprasystem
• Open systems interact with elements beyond the system boundary
• Closed systems have no or limited interaction with the environment

Systems Characteristics 4

• Subsystems in an information system interact by exchanging information
• This exchange is the interface between systems
• For efficient organizations, information and business systems need well-defined interfaces
• Sales orders, for example, must be passed from the sales subsystem to the finance and distribution subsystems in a clear, repeatable way
• Failure to do so may result in lost or delayed orders which may cause problems with customer service

Systems Characteristics 5

• Systems are hierarchical and comprised of subsystems
• Parts of a system are dependent on one another; this is known as Independence
• Interdependence means that a change to one part of a system affects other parts

Sources of Information

• Formal communication presents information in a structured way
• Informal communication transmits less structured information through informal channels

Attributes of Information Quality

• Time: Includes timelines, frequency and time period
• Content: Consists of accuracy, relevance, and currency
• Form: Consists of completness and clarity

Knowledge, Information, Data

• Knowledge is the result of a person's combines experiences and information
• Examples of data processes include classification, rearranging/sorting and aggregating and selection
• Information is the amount a decision maker is able to pay for the information prior to making a decision

Value:

• Tangible value is the value of information, minus the cost of gathering information
• Intangible Value, improvements in decision behavior, minus cost of gathering information

Systems Characteristics 3 (continued)

• Systems can be complex and made up of other, smaller systems and are known as subsystems
• One or more subsystems are known as suprasystems
• Marketing and finance would lie within the system's boundary
• Whereas customers, sales channels/distributors, suppliers. competitors, partners, government and legislation and the economy, would lie outside as part of the business environment
• Organisations will interact with elements beyond the system boundary and are referred to as open systems

ICT Policies and DIKW Model

• ICT policies guide e-business, e-commerce
• Policies identify strategies and methods for competitive advantage using BIS
• Wisdom is insights derived from information for strategic decisions
• Knowledge is data structured and analyzed to generate useful information
• Information has raw transaction logs and customer details and purchase history
• Data contains raw transaction logs and customer details

ICT Policies

• Data Protection and Privacy Policy governs the collection, storage, processing, and sharing of personal or sensitive data within an organization (GDPR)
• Cybersecurity Policy, is defined as measures to protect IT infrastructure, systems, and networks from cyber threats like hacking and malware or phishing attacks etc
• Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) outlines how employees, customers, or third parties should use the organization's ICT resources
• An AUP prevents misuse of company resources for personal use, illegal activities, or security risks

DIKW (Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom) Model

• Wisdom is applied knowledge allowing one to make a decision
• Context means Information is placed in context to make it useful
• Data is unprocessed

ICT Concept for Business

• DIKW model, or Russell Ackoffs' DIKW model
• Progression from one level to the next, Data becomes information, information becomes knowledge, knowledge ultimately becomes wisdom
• The amount a decision maker would be willing to pay for information to enable a tangible value
• Tangible value is the "value of info - cost of gathering info"

Organisations

• The role of information in organisations consists of data, information, knowledge, communications, decision-making, record keeping and applications
• Creation, storage, destruction, amendment, deletion, copying, backup etc
• Data Management Policy and/or Guidelines

Information Handling

• Includes avoiding unauthorized viewing
• Managing risk of confidence associated with copying
• Retention and destruction of information in accordance with policy
• Avoids sensitive information from being stored or transferred entirely

User Requirements

• Describe what the user uses with the system including accessibility, accuracy, audit, and security

Business Requirements

• Business requirements have different categories such as accessibility, accuracy, audit, and control, and reporting, availability, etc
• There are several different policies consisting of data protection internet and email
• Also consists of network access and social media, physical security incidents and passwords

ICT Policies

• Policies guide e-business, e-commerce, and ERP
• They help evaluate organisation relevance
• Policies identify basic strategies and methods to gain a competitive advantage

Systems Characteristics

• Components of a system work towards a collective goal known as the system's objective
• The objective of a system is can often be expressed in a single sentence
• A car's objective = transportation of passengers and goods
• All components of us system should have a related a common objective
• Systems do not operate in complete isolation, but reside in an environment with other systems and agencies
• The system's boundary defines its scope
• Outside the boundary is the environment; inside is part of the system itself
• The boundary marks the interface between the system and environment

ERPS

• Enterprise Resource Planning applications are used for business areas such as distribution, sales, finance and human resources
• Example modules include sales and distribution, financials, controlling, materials management, project system, time sheet, payroll, HR and asset accounting

Data Systems

• Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as, the keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of the computer's internal parts
• Computer software describes the programs and inner coding which tell a computer how to perform operations

BIS (Business Information System)

• BIS is 'A business information system is a group of interrelated components that work collectively to carry out input, processing, output, storage and control actions in order to convert data into information products that can be used to support forecasting, planning, control, coordination, decision making and operational activities in an organisation."
• Resources that support BIS include People Resources
• Consists of the users of information system
• Hardware resources refer to all types of machines, not just computers
• Communication resources also enable systems to transfer data

Computer Limitations

• Computer-based information systems lack judgement/experience
• They are incapable of solving problems with their own judgement
• Generally, computer-based information systems are unable to react to unexpected situations
• They lack human creativity

Computer Processors

• Electronic commerce (e-commerce): All electronically mediated information exchanges between an organisation and its external stakeholders
• Electronic business (e-business): All electronically mediated information exchanges both within an organisation and stakeholders supporting range of business processes

Management Support System

• Supports managerial decision-making and data-driven insights
• Helps optimize business performance, via tools like performance management and strategic planning tools
• Business analytic software is also included

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

• Processes business transactions efficiently involving data collection, storage, and retrieval
• Bank transactions (ATM, Online Banking)
• Point of Sale (POS) systems in retail and Order Processing Systems

Management Information System (MIS)

• Provides summarized reports for middle management decision-making
• Functions primarily for data processing analysis and reporting
• Includes sales forecasting, inventory management, and financial reporting

Characteristics of MIS

• Supports structured decision-making and generates periodic reports
• Uses data from TPS and Improves efficiency in management

Enterprise Collaboration Systems (ECS)

• Facilitates teamwork and communication for document sharing and project management, enhancing efficiency in collaborative work
• Examples consist of Microsoft Teams and Google Workspace

Executive Information Systems (EIS)

• Executive dashboards and financial forecasting and monitors KPI reports
• Monitors the latest trends
• It is designed for senior executives and uses summary data and uses summarized data and key performance indicators

General Characteristics of Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

• High transaction speed, including Accuracy and Reliability, Large volume processing including real time or batch processing

Process Control Systems

• Controls industrial and manufacturing processes
• Monitors Realtime productions Activities
• Examples inlcude Supervisory Control and Data Aquisition and industrial automation software

Operations Support System

• Supports business operations, facilitates day-to-day transactions and ensures smooth workflow and efficiency
• Order processing systems and inventory control systems and point of sale (POS) systems
• Product Innovation
• New or significantly improved goods or services
• Process Innovation
• New or improved production or delivery methods

How BIS Influences Marketing

• New marketing method involving significant changes in product packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing
• Organizational Innovation: new organizational method in business practices and workplace external relations
• A Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data
• Has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data

Computing

• Input is Hardware to enter data
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a processor to execute control computer functions
• Memory temporarily enables processors to store data
• While storage devices enable data and programs persistly

Hardware & Software

• Hardware and software is an interrelated computer system works together with the aim of converting data and information
• Key hardware concepts have an electronic device and is Computer the same as Computer Systems?
• System software controls hardware and controls how tools work together
• System software has operating including development and Utility programs
• An application software can perform a variety of tasks to aid the user specific and specific information.
• A Chrome device is a system.
• Computer viruses or programs that make harms that are transfer over communication channels
• Another type of viruses (called macro viruses) infect by inserting unwanted phrases into document

Hacking

• Hacking means unauthorized access to a system
• Legal ethical hacking or system is perfect legal or system pentration is conducted by information security specialist
• Also to circumvent standards methods by hackers that is password hacking

Virus

• Anti protection software needs regular updates
• Some Care should be taken or software applied or monitor computer and suspicious behavior (or manual instructions)
• Malware, such as worms, trojans, spyware and adware

Protection

• Safe computing like not opening attachments (.exe) and doing regular back ups
• Use antiviruses software the most way removes identify removes computer programs
• Open software are available and that worms

Worns

• A worm isn't tecnially a virus but do harm to the computer
• They are self replicating over networks over internet without user intervention
• Viruses Corrupting the modifying file to affect the computer
• Computer can be gained by safe computing and setting up protections

Virus Protection

• Defines a limits user access prevent unauthorized action and can apply role-based access controls
• Encryption converts to into data such data confidentiality AES or SSL/TLS
• Virus the detect remove malware antiviuses the software firewall

Hardware Breakdown

• Keyboard, trackball, and scanner
• Printer, the motor The different the type computers
• Desktop Portable Handheld or smartphone or server computers and notebook

Different Classifications of Computers

• Analog computers process continuous data, while digital computers use data in binary code
• Supercomputers handle complex calculations, while mainframe computers manage transactions
• Minicomputers have medium-scale computing, macrocomputers are smaller in scale and servers provide a network of services