Data Visualization Level 2 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which aesthetic is commonly used to represent continuous data?

  • Shape
  • Size (correct)
  • Line type
  • Color (correct)

What distinguishes continuous data from discrete data?

  • Continuous data can have arbitrarily fine intermediates. (correct)
  • Continuous data has a fixed number of values.
  • Discrete data cannot be represented visually.
  • Discrete data is always numerical.

What type of variable is represented by the levels of factors, such as 'good' and 'fair'?

  • Unordered factor
  • Discrete numerical value
  • Continuous numerical value
  • Ordered factor (correct)

Which of the following best describes a scale in data visualization?

<p>A unique mapping between data and aesthetic values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of data visualization, which of the following aesthetics typically represents discrete data?

<p>Shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is 'temperature in degrees Fahrenheit' classified as?

<p>Continuous numerical value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following variables is considered an unordered factor?

<p>Location (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is represented by 'number of persons in a room'?

<p>Discrete data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a critical component of graphical elements in data visualization?

<p>Transparency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a 'wrong' data visualization from a 'bad' data visualization?

<p>A wrong visualization contains no explicit y axis scale. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main challenges in creating effective data visualizations?

<p>Striking a balance between aesthetics and accuracy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these features does NOT describe aesthetics in data visualization?

<p>Complexity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of plotting data in visualizations?

<p>To visualize relationships or variations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which issue would classify a visualization as 'ugly'?

<p>Distracting colors and inconsistent fonts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In data visualization, what do we refer to when we talk about how data values map into visual elements?

<p>Aesthetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common problem associated with a 'bad' data visualization?

<p>Multiple y axis scales that mislead viewers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical requirement for a scale in data visualization?

<p>It must be one-to-one, linking each data value to exactly one aesthetic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of data visualization, what does mapping temperature onto color require?

<p>Usage of large colored areas to convey information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When positioning an ordered factor like month on a discrete position scale, what must be ensured?

<p>Levels should follow the natural order of the factor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many scales were utilized in the visualization of monthly normal mean temperatures for four locations?

<p>Three scales—two position scales and one color scale. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an unordered factor from an ordered factor in data visualization?

<p>Unordered factors can be arranged in any order without affecting interpretation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the fuel efficiency vs displacement figure, which scale corresponds to the shape of data points?

<p>The number of cylinders in the cars. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for each scale to represent a different variable in a complex data visualization?

<p>To enable a comprehensive and diverse representation of the dataset. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the choice of position scales for an ordered factor?

<p>The correct order must be followed to maintain the integrity of the visualization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the variable 'number of cylinders'?

<p>Numerical discrete or qualitative ordered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Cartesian coordinate system, how are data values typically represented?

<p>With even spacing along both axes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be specified to fully define a Cartesian coordinate system?

<p>The range of numbers for each axis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the x and y axes have different units, what is one option for visualizing the data?

<p>Compress one axis relative to the other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended aspect ratio when creating a figure for data visualization?

<p>Depends on the story the data conveys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the spacing between grid lines on an axis represent?

<p>Discrete steps in data units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If both axes in a Cartesian coordinate system are measured in the same units, what is required?

<p>Equal grid spacings for both axes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a valid unit for measuring distance in a Cartesian coordinate system?

<p>Degrees Celsius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Data Visualization

Graphical or pictorial representation of data using graphs and charts to show variations or relationships between variables.

Purpose of Data Plotting

Show variations and relationships between data variables.

Data Visualization: Art & Science

Data visualization combines artistic design with scientific accuracy to accurately portray data.

Accurate Data Visualization

Visual representation of data where numerical differences are correctly reflected in visual sizes.

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Ugly Data Visualization

Technically correct data visualization, but has poor aesthetics, distracting colors or fonts.

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Bad Data Visualization

Visual representation that is unclear, confusing, overly complex, or misleading due to perceptual issues.

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Wrong Data Visualization

Visually incorrect as there are errors in the underlying mathematics or calculations producing the data.

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Data Visualization Aesthetics

The various aspects (position, shape, size, color) of graphical elements used to represent data.

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Graphical element position

Describing where the graphical element is located using coordinates (e.g., x, y).

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Graphical element shape

Describes the form of a graphical element (e.g., a bar, a line).

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Graphical element size

Describes the dimensions or magnitude of a graphical element.

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Graphical element color

Describes hues, shades, or tints used for distinguishing graphical elements.

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Continuous data

Data values with arbitrarily fine intermediates between any two values.

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Discrete data

Data values that do not have arbitrarily fine intermediates.

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Quantitative data

Numerical data that can be measured and represented quantitatively.

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Qualitative data

Categorical data that describes qualities or characteristics.

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Factors

Variables holding qualitative data with different categories.

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Levels

Categories within a factor.

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Aesthetics

Properties of visual elements used to represent data, like position, shape, size, color.

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Scale

A mapping between data values and aesthetic values (e.g., mapping numbers to colors or positions on a graph).

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One-to-one scale

A scale where each data value corresponds to exactly one aesthetic value, and vice versa. This prevents ambiguity in the visualization.

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Position scale

A scale that maps data values to positions on an axis (e.g., x or y axis).

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Shape scale

A scale that maps data values to different shapes.

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Color scale

A scale that maps data values to different colors.

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Discrete data

Data that can only take on specific, distinct values (e.g., categories).

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Ordered factor

A categorical variable whose categories have a natural order (e.g., months of the year).

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Unordered factor

A categorical variable whose categories do not have a natural order (e.g., locations).

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Line plot

A plot that displays data points connected by lines, often to show trends over time or other continuous variables.

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Size scale

A scale that maps data values to different sizes of graphical elements, like data points.

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Multiple scales

Visualizing complex data using multiple simultaneous scales (e.g., x-axis, y-axis, color, size, shape).

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Numerical Continuous Data

Data with values that can take on any intermediate value between two points; examples include displacement, fuel efficiency, power, and weight.

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Numerical Discrete or Qualitative Ordered Data

Data that can only take on specific, separate values, or data with categories that have a natural order, as in the number of cylinders of an engine.

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Cartesian Coordinates

A 2D coordinate system (like a graph) where each point is located by its x and y values.

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Continuous Position Scales

Axes in a graph where values can be any number within a range.

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Data Units

The units used to measure data (e.g., kilometers, degrees Celsius).

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Aspect Ratio

The ratio of the width to the height of a graph.

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Equal Grid Spacing

If x and y axes have the same units, the spacing between grid lines should be equal.

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Visualizing Data

Representing data in a visual format, typically using a graph.

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Study Notes

Data Visualization Level 2

  • Data visualization uses graphical or pictorial representations of data (graphs, charts, etc.) to show variation and relationships between variables.
  • The goal of data visualization is to accurately convey the data.
  • A visualization is flawed if one number appears proportionally similar to another that is significantly different in size.
  • Visual elements (colors, balance) should not distract from the data's interpretation.

Ugly, Bad, and Wrong Figures

  • Ugly: Aesthetically problematic, but informative.
  • Bad: Issues related to perception (unclear, confusing, overly complex, misleading).
  • Wrong: Problems with the mathematics behind the figure; objectively incorrect.

Examples of Figures

  • Charts showing different visualizations (a & b are visually undesirable, c is misleading, d is inaccurate).

Bar Plot Examples

  • Example bar plots displaying values (A=3, B=5, C=4).
  • Examples with poor aesthetics.
  • Example with misaligned scales, making the figure misleading.
  • Example with no axis scale for numbers.

Mapping Data to Aesthetics

  • Data values are mapped systematically to visual elements (e.g., position, shape, size, color) creating graphics.
  • Visual elements are called aesthetics.

Aesthetics and Types of Data

  • Aesthetics describe all aspects of a graphical element, including location (e.g., X,Y coordinates).
  • Shapes, size, and color are other aesthetics.
  • Data can be continuous (e.g., time) or discrete (e.g., number of people).

Types of Data

  • Continuous: Arbitrarily fine intermediates exist (e.g., time duration).
  • Discrete: No arbitrarily fine intermediates exist (e.g., the number of people).
  • Numerical: Categorized as continuous or discrete, quantitative data.
  • Categories: Data with no intrinsic order (e.g., dog, cat, fish).
  • Ordered Categories: Data with inherent order (e.g., good, fair, poor).
  • Dates and Times: Special types of numerical data.
  • Text: Can be categorical.

Scales and Data Values

  • Scales define unique mappings between data and aesthetics.
  • Scales should be one-to-one (every data value has a unique aesthetic).
  • Data visualizations become ambiguous if scales are not one-to-one.

Coordinate Systems

  • Cartesian coordinates are frequently used (x and y axes).
  • Axes should show the same units.
  • Units (e.g., degrees Fahrenheit) should be included in visualizations.
  • Figures should use correct aspect ratios for comparisons.

Example of Data Visualization

  • Map temperatures onto the y-axis, days onto the x-axis, locations onto colors.

Alternative Visualization

  • Visualizations showing temperatures in squares instead of lines.
    Colors indicating average temperatures for each month.
  • Month is an ordered factor with 12 levels
  • Location is an unordered factor with 4 levels.

Example: Fuel Efficiency

  • Data visualization of cars with different features (power, weight, cylinders), plotted versus displacement.

  • Four of five features were numerical and continuous. One was either numerical and discrete or qualitative and ordered.

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