Data Types and Statistical Concepts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the systematic approach for conducting research and experiments called?

The Scientific Method

What is a procedure to determine if a hypothesis is supported called?

Hypothesis testing

What is the probability measure used to assess statistical significance in tests?

p-value

What are statistical tests that assume a normal distribution called?

Parametric tests Signup and view all the answers

What are statistical tests not assuming a normal distribution called?

Non-parametric tests Signup and view all the answers

What describes the extent to which data points differ from each other?

Variability of data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data contains measurable numbers?

Numerical data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data contains categories without numbers?

Non-numerical data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data has independent categories, not ranked?

Categorical data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is categorical data without an inherent order?

Nominal data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data has ranked categories but with no quantifiable differences?

Ordinal data represents categories with a defined order, but the differences between the categories are not equal or measurable. Examples include rankings, satisfaction levels, or degree of agreement. Signup and view all the answers

What type of data has two distinct outcomes coded as 0 and 1?

Binary data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data has decimal values and can be negative?

Continuous data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data represents whole numbers representing counts and has no decimals?

Count data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data can only take specific values?

Discrete data Signup and view all the answers

What are the categories in R with distinct levels called?

Factors in R Signup and view all the answers

What are categorical variables coded as strings in R called?

Characters in R Signup and view all the answers

What function converts characters to factors in R?

as.factor function Signup and view all the answers

What type of data varies between 0 and 1 and often represents percentages?

Proportional data Signup and view all the answers

What statistical distribution is used for count data and is often left-skewed?

Poisson distribution Signup and view all the answers

What type of data distribution involves most values clustering around the mean?

Normal distribution Signup and view all the answers

What type of count data has many zeros present?

Zero-inflated data Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic approach to empirical investigation?

Scientific Method Signup and view all the answers

What are values between 0 and 1 representing part of a whole called?

Proportions Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of observations in a dataset called?

Sample size (N) Signup and view all the answers

What statistical test is used for categorical data analysis?

Chi-square test Signup and view all the answers

What test is used for small sample sizes in categorical data analysis?

Fisher's exact test Signup and view all the answers

What type of data represents categories without numerical value?

Categorical data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data can take any value within a range?

Continuous data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data represents ranked categories?

Ordinal data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is countable and represented by whole numbers?

Discrete data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data has two possible outcomes, often coded 0 and 1?

Binary data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data represents counts of occurrences?

Count data Signup and view all the answers

What type of data can have decimal values?

Continuous measurements Signup and view all the answers

What is a testable prediction based on observations called?

Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is data collected through direct or indirect measurement called?

Empirical observations Signup and view all the answers

What are groups not receiving treatment used for comparison called?

Control groups Signup and view all the answers

What is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon called?

Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a statement predicting expected outcomes in research called?

Research Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What are expected results derived from a hypothesis called?

Predictions Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of lions hunting together called?

Pack Size Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of the prey targeted by lions called?

Prey Weight Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis tested using statistical methods called?

Statistical Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What assumes no effect or relationship exists?

Null Hypothesis (H0) Signup and view all the answers

What suggests a significant effect or relationship exists?

Alternative Hypothesis (H1) Signup and view all the answers

What type of data can be divided into categories?

Categorical Data Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of categorical data with two categories?

Binary Data Signup and view all the answers

What is numerical data that can take any value?

Continuous Data Signup and view all the answers

What is numerical data representing counts of occurrences?

Count Data Signup and view all the answers

What is a specific question guiding the research process?

Research Question Signup and view all the answers

What is enhanced power from cooperation in hunting called?

Combined Strength Signup and view all the answers

What is increased effectiveness in catching prey called?

Higher Prey Capture Success Signup and view all the answers

What is the approach used to conduct research?

Methodology Signup and view all the answers

What is initial data collected to inform hypotheses called?

Preliminary Data Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Data Types

Numerical Data: Data containing measurable numbers.
Non-Numerical Data: Data representing categories without numbers.
Categorical Data: Data with independent categories, not ranked.
Nominal Data: Categorical data without inherent order.
Ordinal Data: Ranked categories with no quantifiable differences.
Binary Data: Data with two distinct outcomes, often coded 0 and 1.
Continuous Data: Data with decimal values, can be negative.
Count Data: Whole numbers representing counts, no decimals.
Discrete Data: Data that can only take specific values.
Proportional Data: Data varying between 0 and 1, often percentages.

Statistical Concepts

Scientific Method: A systematic approach for conducting research and experiments.
Hypothesis Testing: A procedure to determine if a hypothesis is supported.
p-value: A probability measure for statistical significance in tests.
Parametric Tests: Statistical tests assuming normal distribution of data.
Non-parametric Tests: Statistical tests not assuming normal distribution.
Variability of Data: The extent to which data points differ from each other.
Sample Size (N): The total number of observations in a dataset.
Chi-square Test: A statistical test for categorical data analysis.
Fisher's Exact Test: A test for small sample sizes in categorical data.
Poisson Distribution: A statistical distribution for count data, often left-skewed.
Normal Distribution: Data distribution where most values cluster around the mean.
Zero-inflated Data: Count data with a high number of zeros.
Factors in R: Categories in R with distinct levels.
Characters in R: Categorical variables coded as strings.
as.factor function (R): Converts characters to factors in R.

Scientific Method Components

Hypothesis: A testable prediction based on observations.
Empirical Observations: Data collected through direct or indirect measurement.
Control Groups: Groups not receiving treatment, used for comparison.
Research Hypothesis: A statement predicting expected research outcomes.
Predictions: Expected results derived from a hypothesis.
Methodology: The approach used to conduct research.
Preliminary Data: Initial data collected to help frame hypotheses.
Null Hypothesis (H0): Assumes no effect or relationship exists in a test.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Suggests a significant effect or relationship exists.
Research Question: A specific question that directs the study.

Ecological Example (Lion Hunting)

Pack Size: Number of lions hunting together.
Prey Weight: Mass of prey targeted by the lions.
Combined Strength: Enhanced power from lion cooperation in hunting
Higher Prey Capture Success: Increased effectiveness in catching prey.

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Description

Test your understanding of various data types and foundational statistical concepts. This quiz covers topics ranging from numerical and non-numerical data to essential statistical methodologies such as hypothesis testing and the scientific method. Enhance your knowledge in data analysis and research techniques.